Mosquitoes transmit infectious diseases to millions of people every year, including malaria¹（疟疾） for which there is no effective vaccine². New research published in Insect Molecular³ Biology reveals that mosquito genetic⁴ engineering may turn the transmitter into a natural 'flying vaccinator⁵', providing a new strategy for biological control over the disease. The research, led by Associate Professor Shigeto Yoshida from the Jichi Medical University in Japan, targets the saliva⁶（唾液） gland⁷（腺） of the Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, the main vectors（带菌者，向量） of human malaria.

"Blood-sucking arthropods（节肢动物） including mosquitoes, sand flies and ticks（扁虱） transmit numerous infectious agents during blood feeding," said Yoshida. "This includes malaria, which kills between 1-2 million people, mostly African children, a year. The lack of an effective vaccine means control of the carrier has become a crucial objective to combating the disease."

For the past decade it has been theorized that genetic engineering of the mosquito could create a 'flying vaccinator,' raising hopes for their use as a new strategy for malaria control. However so far research has been limited to a study of the insect's gut⁸（内脏，肠子） and the 'flying vaccinator' theory was not developed.

"Following bites, protective immune responses are induced, just like a conventional vaccination⁹ but with no pain and no cost," said Yoshida. "What's more continuous exposure to bites will maintain high levels of protective immunity¹⁰, through natural boosting, for a life time. So the insect shifts from being a pest to being beneficial."

In this study Dr. Yoshida's team successfully generated a transgenic mosquito expressing the Leishmania vaccine within its saliva. Bites from the insect succeeded in raising antibodies（抗体） , indicating successful immunization（免疫） with the Leishmania vaccine through blood feeding.

While 'flying vaccinator' theory may now be scientifically possible the question of ethics¹¹ hangs over the application of the research. A natural and uncontrolled method of delivering vaccines¹², without dealing¹³ with dosage（剂量，用量） and consent（同意，赞成） , alongside public acceptance to the release of 'vaccinating¹⁴' mosquitoes, provide barriers to this method of disease control.

"For the past decade it has been postulated¹⁵（要求，假定） that the salivary¹⁶ gland could be the way to gain biological control over this important infectious disease," concluded Yoshida. "In this study we have shown, for the first time, the achievement of the original concept of the 'flying vaccinator."