A study by the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) carried out in Krakow, Poland has found that prenatal（产前的，胎儿期的） exposure to pollutants¹（污染物） can adversely³（不利地，反对地） affect children's cognitive⁴（认知的，认识的） development at age 5, confirming previous findings in a New York City (NYC) study. Researchers report that children exposed to high levels of polycyclic（多钚的） aromatic⁵（芳香剂，芳香植物） hydrocarbons⁶（碳氢化合物） (PAHs) in Krakow had a significant reduction in scores on a standardized⁷ test of reasoning ability and intelligence at age 5. The study findings are published today online in Environmental Health Perspectives.

PAHs are released into the air from the burning of fossil fuels for transportation, heating, energy production, and from other combustion⁸（燃烧，氧化） sources.

"The effect on intelligence was comparable to that seen in NYC children exposed prenatally to the same air pollutants," noted⁹ Frederica Perera, professor of Environmental Health Sciences and director of the CCCEH at the Mailman School of Public Health, and senior author. "This finding is of concern because IQ is an important predictor（预言者，预报器） of future academic performance, and PAHs are widespread in urban environments and throughout the world."

"These results contribute to the cumulative¹⁰（累积的） body of published evidence linking ambient（周围的，外界的） air pollution levels and adverse² health effects in children and are clearly relevant to public health policy," says Susan Edwards, study lead author.

The study included a cohort（一群） of 214 children who were born to healthy, non-smoking Caucasian women in Krakow, Poland between 2001 and 2006. During pregnancy¹¹, the mothers completed a questionnaire（问卷，调查表） , wore small backpack personal air monitors to estimate their babies' PAH exposure, and provided a blood sample and/or a cord blood sample at the time of delivery. The children were followed through the age of 5 when they were tested using the Raven¹² Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) Test of reasoning ability and intelligence. The researchers accounted for other factors such as second-hand¹³ smoke exposure, lead and mother's education. Study participants exposed to air pollution levels below the median (17.96 nanograms per cubic meter) were designated as having "low exposure," while those exposed to pollution levels above the median were identified as "high exposure."

The present finding confirms the CCCEH's previous report in 2009 that prenatal exposure to PAHs adversely affected¹⁴ children's IQ at age 5 in a cohort of children of nonsmoking African American and Dominican American women in NYC (Perera et al, 2009).

"Air pollution knows no boundaries," said Linda Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, which funded the study. "Researchers around the globe are finding that air pollution is harmful to children's development."