Scientists studying ancient species migration¹ believe northern birds had the ability to colonise continents that southern species lacked. The research, published in Ecography（描述生态学） , reveals how the ancient 'land bridge' of Panama, which first connected North and South America, caused an uneven²（不均匀的） species migration, leading to a new understanding of species diversity today. The continents of North and South America were historically isolated³ until they were abruptly⁴（突然地） joined three million years ago through the tectonic（构造的） uplift of Central America and the formation of a land corridor in modern day Panama, creating a land bridge.

"This connection allowed an unprecedented⁵（空前的） degree of intercontinental exchange between species that had been isolated for millions of years," said lead author Brian Tilston Smith from the University of Nevada. "However the relatively⁷ poor fossil record has prevented us from understanding how the land bridge shaped New World bird communities."

Using molecular⁸ data and phylogenetic（系统发生的，动植物种类史的） evidence from 11 orders, 34 families, and over 100 genera（属，种） of bird species the team applied⁹ a 'molecular clock' to estimate the historical timing¹⁰ of the migration, giving a unique insight into how the ancient history of American bird migration led to present day species diversity across the equator（赤道） .

The results reveal that while ancient birds could fly most species did not cross the water between the two isolated continents, so were subject to the same constraints¹¹ as their land based mammalian（哺乳类的） counterparts. The land bridge was therefore crucial in facilitating cross continental⁶ migration.

"This inter-continental migration was far from even. While within the tropics around the equator exchange was equal in both directions, between the temperate¹² zones of North and South America it was not," said Smith. "Avian lineages（血统，家系） from the northern Nearctic regions have repeatedly invaded the tropics and radiated throughout South America. In contract species with South American tropical origins remain largely restricted to the confines of the tropical regions."

Existing studies show that in mammals 50% of modern South American species have Northern origins whereas only 10% of species from the North originated in the South. The team found that this pattern is also reflected in birds. When considering the perching birds oscine and suboscine（亚鸣禽亚目） the team found that despite having northern ancestral origins, 55% of New World oscine species now breed in South America, many of them in tropical habitats. In contrast, only 2.4% of suboscines have secondarily adapted to North American temperate zone habitats.

"Our study suggests the formation of the Panama land bridge was crucial for allowing cross continental bird migration," concluded Smith. "We believe that the ability of species to colonise and radiate（辐射，传播） across this area represents an important and underappreciated（未受到充分赏识的，未得到正确评价的） factor to the distribution of species around the equator."