The academic performance of adolescents will suffer in at least one of four key subjects –– English, math, science, history –– if their DNA¹ contains one or more of three specific dopamine（多巴胺） gene² variations, according to a study led by renowned³（著名的，有声望的） biosocial criminologist Kevin M. Beaver⁴ of The Florida State University. The research sheds new light on the genetic⁵ components⁶ of academic performance during middle and high school, and on the interplay（相互影响） of specific genes⁷ and environmental factors such as peer behavior or school conditions.

"We believe that dopaminergic genes affect GPA because they have previously⁸ been linked to factors associated with academic performance, including adolescent delinquency（违法，犯罪） , working memory, intelligence and cognitive⁹ abilities, and ADHD, among others," Beaver said. "So, the genetic effect would operate indirectly¹⁰ via these other correlates to GPA and school performance."

Findings from the study are described in a paper for which Beaver served as lead author that was published online Aug. 30 in the journal Intelligence. He and his coauthors performed their groundbreaking analysis using DNA and lifestyle data from a representative group of 2,500 U.S. middle- and high-school students who were tracked from 1994 to 2008 in the National Longitudinal Study（纵向研究） of Adolescent Health.

"We found that as the number of certain dopaminergic gene variants¹² increased, grade point averages（平均分） decreased, and the difference was statistically¹³ significant," Beaver said. "For example, the GPA of a student with specific variants of three dopaminergic genes might be around 2.8, versus¹⁴ a GPA of around 3.3 without the variants. That could mean the difference between being accepted into a college versus being rejected.

"Unfortunately, we know that students with lower GPAs are generally more likely to participate in antisocial or criminal activities, and less likely to attend college and earn comparatively higher salaries as a result."

The researchers also uncovered a correlation¹⁵ between the variants of dopamine genes that a student possessed¹⁶ and his or her GPA in different subject areas.

For instance, they found a marginally（少量地） significant negative effect on English grades for students with a single dopamine variant¹¹ in a gene known as DAT1, but no apparent effect on math, history or science. In contrast, a variant in the DRD2 gene was correlated with a markedly negative effect on grades in all four subjects. Students with a single, DRD4 variant had significantly lower grades in English and math, but only marginally lower grades in history and science.

Previous, cutting-edge genetic research in biosocial criminology has revealed the mutual¹⁷ interdependence（互相依赖） of genes and environment –– which means, said Beaver, that certain genetic factors may wield¹⁸（使用，挥舞） tangible¹⁹（有形的，切实的） effects when paired with certain environmental factors.

"It is quite likely that a similar feedback loop（反馈回路） exists with GPA, whereby the genetic liability for low GPA could be moderated by environmental conditions such as school structural²⁰ characteristics, teacher performance, or behavior of other students," he said.

"If that is true, then findings such as ours could help lead to more effective, innovative²¹ ways of enhancing school and individual performance."