Uninsured minority pedestrians¹（行人） hit by cars are at a significantly higher risk of death than their insured white counterparts, even if the injuries sustained（维持，承受） are similar, new research from Johns Hopkins suggests. The death rate disparity（不同，不一致） is compounded by the fact that minority pedestrians are far more likely than white pedestrians to be struck by motor vehicles, according to a study published in the August issue of the journal Surgery.

"It's a double whammy（祸不单行） ," says Adil H. Haider, M.D., M.P.H., an assistant professor of surgery at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the study's senior author. "Minorities are much more likely to get injured by this mechanism² and much more likely to die by this mechanism."

Haider and Rubie Sue Maybury, M.D., M.P.H., reviewed National Trauma³ Data Bank information on 26,404 patients hit by vehicles between 2002 and 2006. African-American patients had a 22 percent greater risk of death and Hispanic（西班牙的） patients a 33 percent greater risk of death than white patients involved in similar crashes. Meanwhile, the researchers said, uninsured patients had a 77 percent greater risk of death than those who were insured, even though the care they received was in emergency departments, long believed to be a great equalizer（均衡器，平衡器） in health care delivery.

The greater mortality rates from pedestrian trauma（创伤，外伤） in minorities and the uninsured are not accounted for by greater rates of injury, Haider says.

"Do we treat minorities and the uninsured differently? I don't think so, but we've got to ask the question," says Haider, who is also co-director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Surgical⁴ Trials and Outcomes Research. "We don't actually know what is leading to these disparities."

Previous studies have shown that insurance status and race may increase mortality risk because of treatment delay or differences in services provided. A greater prevalence of, or lack of treatment for, comorbidities（合并症） , such as obesity⁵, diabetes⁶ or hypertension, could be factors that raise the risk of death among injured minority or uninsured crash victims.

Since the underlying⁷（潜在的，根本的） causes of the disparities can't be easily answered, Haider says, policy makers⁸ need to focus in the short term on better pedestrian injury-prevention programs, particularly in the inner city, where many of these deadly crashes occur. He points to successes in getting people to use seat belts and in getting parents to put their children in safety seats — two innovations that have saved many lives. He concedes（承认，退让） , however, that the problem of pedestrian injury may be more complicated.