Treating intensive care（重病特别护理） patients who develop life-threatening bacterial¹ infections, or septicemia（败血病） , with insulin potentially could reduce their chances of succumbing² to（屈服于） the infection, if results of a new preliminary study can be replicated³ in a larger study. A paper published online ahead of print in Diabetes⁴ Care reports that insulin lowered the amount of inflammation and oxidative stress（氧化应激） in study participants who had been injected with a common bacteria, or endotoxin（内毒素） , known as LPS (lipopolysaccharide).

The study was conducted by University at Buffalo⁵ endocrinologists（内分泌学家） at Kaleida Health's Diabetes-Endocrinology Center of Western New York.

LPS, found in the outer membrane⁶ of various gram-negative bacteria, is known to increase the ability of the bacteria to cause hemorrhage（出血） , necrosis of the kidneys and shock, especially in immune-compromised patients.

The study involved 19 healthy subjects who were injected after an overnight fast with a dose of the endotoxin based on their weight. After the endotoxin injection, 10 participants were infused with insulin (plus dextrose to maintain normal glucose⁷ levels), and nine received saline（盐酸泻药） to mimic⁸ the insulin infusion⁹.

The infusions¹⁰ continued for six hours following the endotoxin injections. Participants then ate a 900 calorie meal and ate nothing else until the following morning.

Researchers monitored the subjects' temperature, pulse, blood pressure, headaches, body aches and chills for 24 hours following the endotoxin injection. Blood samples were collected one hour before the injection, at the time of injection and at one, two, four, six and 24 hours afterwards.

Monitoring showed that the endotoxin raised body temperature by three degrees -- from 98 to a peak of 101.3 at the four-hour mark, and produced body aches and headaches, which peaked between one and two hours. Results showed that insulin reduced the body-aches score but had no effect on temperature,

In addition, the endotoxin induced a rapid rise in several destructive and inflammatory factors, including reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and products of nitric oxide¹¹ and fat metabolism¹²（脂肪代谢） . The insulin infusion led to total elimination¹³ of several pro-inflammatory factors and to a significant reduction in generation of reactive oxygen species and the products of fat metabolism.

Paresh Dandona, MD, PhD, UB distinguished¹⁴ professor of medicine and senior author on the study, says this study confirms the expectations arising out of the researchers' initial discovery of the anti-inflammatory effect of insulin.

"This study lays the foundation for further studies based on insulin infusion and the normalization¹⁵ of blood glucose（血糖） concentrations in patients with endotoxemia and septicemia," says Dandona.

"Our endocrinology group demonstrated previously¹⁶ that insulin also has anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects in patients who had a heart attack, and we currently are conducting a study on the potential beneficial effects of insulin on acute stroke.

"Clearly, insulin may emerge with roles beyond those conceived when it was discovered in 1921 as a metabolic¹⁷ hormone¹⁸, and has since been used for the treatment of diabetes to lower and control blood glucose concentrations," Dandona notes.