Rice University research that capitalizes on（利用） the wide-ranging capabilities¹ of graphene（石墨烯） could lead to circuit applications that are far more compact and versatile²（通用的，万能的） than what is now feasible with silicon³-based technologies. Triple-mode, single-transistor⁴ amplifiers（放大器） based on graphene -- the one-atom-thick form of carbon that recently won its discoverers a Nobel Prize -- could become key components⁵ in future electronic circuits. The discovery by Rice researchers was reported this week in the online journal ACS Nano.

Graphene is very strong, nearly transparent⁶ and conducts electricity very well. But another key property is ambipolarity（双极性） , graphene's ability to switch between using positive and negative carriers on the fly depending on the input⁷ signal. Traditional silicon transistors⁸ usually use one or the other type of carrier, which is determined⁹ during fabrication.

A three-terminal single-transistor amplifier made of graphene can be changed during operation to any of three modes at any time using carriers that are positive, negative or both, providing opportunities that are not possible with traditional single-transistor architectures, said Kartik Mohanram, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at Rice. He collaborated¹⁰ on the research with Alexander Balandin, a professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Riverside, and their students Xuebei Yang (at Rice) and Guanxiong Liu (at Riverside).

Mohanram likened the new transistor's abilities to that of a water tap. "Turn it on and the water flows," he said. "Turn it off and the water stops. That's what a traditional transistor does. It's a unipolar（单极的） device -- it only opens and closes in one direction."

"But if you close a tap too much, it opens again and water flows. That's what ambipolarity is -- current can flow when you open the transistor in either direction about a point of minimum conduction."

That alone means a graphene transistor can be "n-type" (negative) or "p-type" (positive), depending on whether the carrier originates from the source or drain（排水，下水道） terminals (which are effectively interchangeable). A third function appears when the input from each carrier is equal: The transistor becomes a frequency multiplier. By combining the three modes, the Rice-Riverside team demonstrated such common signaling schemes as phase and frequency shift keying for wireless¹¹ and audio applications.

"Our work, and that of others, that focuses on the applications of ambipolarity complements¹² efforts to make a better transistor with graphene," Mohanram said. "It promises more functionality." The research demonstrated that a single graphene transistor could potentially replace many in a typical integrated circuit, he said. Graphene's superior material properties and relative compatibility with silicon-based manufacturing should allow for integration¹³ of such circuits in the future, he added.

Technological¹⁴ roadblocks need to be overcome, Mohanram said. Such fabrication steps as dielectric deposition¹⁵ and making contacts "wind up disturbing the lattice（格子） , scratching it and introducing defects. That immediately degrades its performance (limiting signal gain), so we have to exercise a lot of care in fabrication.

"But the technology will mature, since so many research groups are working hard to address these challenges," he said.