The first galaxies¹ formed before the Universe was less than one billion years old and were much smaller than the giant systems — including the Milky² Way — that we see today. So somehow the average galaxy³ size has increased as the Universe has evolved. Galaxies often collide and then merge⁴（合并，融合） to form larger systems and this process is certainly an important growth mechanism⁵. However, an additional, gentler way has been proposed. A European team of astronomers⁶ has used ESO's Very Large Telescope to test this very different idea — that young galaxies can also grow by sucking in cool streams of the hydrogen and helium gas that filled the early Universe and forming new stars from this primitive⁷ material. Just as a commercial company can expand either by merging⁸ with other companies, or by hiring more staff, young galaxies could perhaps also grow in two different ways — by merging with other galaxies or by accreting⁹ material.

The team leader, Giovanni Cresci (Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri) says: "The new results from the VLT are the first direct evidence that the accretion¹⁰ of pristine¹¹（原来的，古时的） gas really happened and was enough to fuel vigorous star formation and the growth of massive galaxies in the young Universe." The discovery will have a major impact on our understanding of the evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang to the present day. Theories of galaxy formation and evolution may have to be re-written.

The group began by selecting three very distant galaxies to see if they could find evidence of the flow of pristine gas from the surrounding space and the associated formation of new stars. They were very careful to make sure that their specimen¹² galaxies had not been disturbed by interactions with other galaxies. The selected galaxies were very regular, smoothly¹³ rotating discs, similar to the Milky Way, and they were seen about two billion years after the Big Bang (at a redshift of around three).

In galaxies in the modern Universe the heavy elements are more abundant close to the centre. But when Cresci's team mapped their selected distant galaxies with the SINFONI spectrograph（光谱仪） on the VLT they were excited to see that in all three cases there was a patch of the galaxy, close to the centre, with fewer heavy elements, but hosting vigorously forming stars, suggesting that the material to fuel the star formation was coming from the surrounding pristine gas that is low in heavy elements. This was the smoking gun that provided the best evidence yet of young galaxies accreting primitive gas and using it to form new generations of stars.

As Cresci concludes: "This study has only been possible because of the outstanding performance of the SINFONI instrument on the VLT. It has opened a new window for studying the chemical properties of very distant galaxies. SINFONI provides information not only in two spatial¹⁴（空间的） dimensions, but also in a third, spectral¹⁵ dimension, which allows us to see the internal motions inside galaxies and study the chemical composition of the  interstellar（星际的） gas."