Current diagnostic procedures for posttraumatic stress disorder² (PTSD创伤后精神紧张性精神障碍) fail to adequately reflect research into the broad nature of a traumatic（外伤的） event, according to a study that will appear in the January print issue of Psychological Bulletin. The relevancy（关联，恰当） of an individual's subjective³ experience in determining what constitutes a traumatic event has been a source of debate among PTSD specialists for years. The study concludes that both objective and subjective factors are relevant and that current PTSD criteria⁴ are missing several reactions that many trauma¹ survivors⁶ experience.

The study's authors conducted a comprehensive literature review of the research on peritraumatic experiences and the types of reactions that trauma survivors often demonstrate. They found that individuals adapt to extreme experiences in a highly complex and coordinated⁷ manner.

"A person's response is multifaceted（多层面的） and may include appraisals⁸（估价） and other thoughts, a variety of felt emotions and behaviors. It's not enough to rely on the objective qualities of an experience to determine whether it should be considered traumatic or not," said co-author Brian P. Marx, PhD, an associate professor of psychiatry⁹（精神病学） at Boston University School of Medicine and psychologist at the VA National Center for PTSD. "Trauma should be defined as the interaction between the individual and his or her environment and all parts of an individual's response should be considered."

PTSD is believed to be the result of exposure to trauma, so understanding what defines a traumatic experience is critical. Current criteria for PTSD in the Diagnostic and Statistical¹⁰ Manual include few distinct subjective emotions. The authors suggest that researchers investigate and add more appropriate examples to these criteria in order to more accurately¹¹ categorize（分类） traumatic events.

"Knowing exactly what trauma is can help us to better know who is a trauma survivor⁵ and who is not," said Marx. "It is critical that we know this for the purposes of understanding the disorder as well as being better able to help those who are survivors of trauma."