A major new fossil site in south-west China has filled in a sizeable gap in our understanding of how life on this planet recovered from the greatest mass extinction¹ of all time, according to a paper co-authored by Professor Mike Benton, in the School of Earth Sciences, and published this week in the Proceedings² of the Royal Society B. The work is led by scientists from the Chengdu Geological Center in China. Some 250 million years ago, at the end of the time known as the Permian（二叠纪） , life was all but（几乎，差一点） wiped out during a sustained period of massive volcanic³ eruption⁴ and devastating⁵ global warming. Only one in ten species survived, and these formed the basis for the recovery of life in the subsequent time period, called the Triassic（三叠纪） . The new fossil site – at Luoping in Yunnan Province – provides a new window on that recovery, and indicates that it took about 10 million years for a fully⁶-functioning ecosystem⁷ to develop.

'The Luoping site dates from the Middle Triassic and contains one of the most diverse marine⁸ fossil records in the world,' said Professor Benton. 'It has yielded 20,000 fossils of fishes, reptiles⁹（爬行动物） , shellfish（甲壳类动物） , shrimps¹⁰ and other seabed creatures. We can tell that we're looking at a fully recovered ecosystem because of the diversity of predators¹¹, most notably¹² fish and reptiles. It's a much greater diversity than what we see in the Early Triassic – and it's close to pre-extinction levels.'

Reinforcing this conclusion is the complexity¹³ of the food web, with the bottom of the food chains dominated by species typical of later Triassic marine faunas¹⁴ – such as crustaceans¹⁵, fishes and bivalves – and different from preceding ones. Just as important is the 'debut¹⁶' of top predators – such as the long-snouted（鼻子） bony fish Saurichthys, the ichthyosaur（鱼龙） Mixosaurus, the sauropterygian（蜥鳍类） Nothosaurus and the prolacertiform Dinocephalosaurus – that fed on fishes and small predatory（掠夺的，食肉的） reptiles.

Professor Shixue Hu of the Chengdu group said: 'It has taken us three years to excavate¹⁷ the site, and we moved tonnes of rock. Now, with thousands of amazing fossils, we have plenty of work for the next ten years!'

'The fossils at Luoping have told us a lot about the recovery and development of marine ecosystems¹⁸ after the end-Permian mass extinction,' said Professor Benton. 'There's still more to be discovered there, and we hope to get an even better picture of how life reasserted itself after the most catastrophic global event in the history of our planet.'