Marketing¹ efforts that encourage mixing caffeinated（含咖啡因的） "energy" drinks with alcohol often try to sway young people to believe that caffeine will offset² the sedating³（安静的，沉着的） effects of alcohol and increase alertness and stamina⁴（毅力，精力） . But a new study led by researchers from the Boston University School of Public Health [BUSPH] and the Center for Alcohol and Addiction⁵ Studies at Brown University has found that the addition of caffeine to alcohol -- mixing Red Bull with vodka, for example -- has no effect on enhancing performance on a driving test or improving sustained attention or reaction times.

"There appears to be little or no protective benefit from the addition of caffeine to alcohol, with respect to the safe execution of activities that require sustained attention with rapid, accurate decisions," says the study, published in the February edition of the journal Addiction.

"The results of this study suggest that public education, via media and warning labels, should be considered regarding the safety of CABs [caffeinated alcoholic⁶ beverages⁷], and that regulators should scrutinize⁸（详细检查） energy drink and CAB advertising⁹ as it relates to promoting safety-related expectancies¹⁰."

The study, headed by Jonathan Howland, professor of community health sciences at BUSPH, comes amid increased government scrutiny¹¹ of energy drinks, particularly when mixed with alcohol. Denmark has banned the sale of energy drinks, and the governments of Canada and Sweden have issued warnings about mixing energy drinks with alcohol.

In 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a statement expressing concern about a lack of safety data on CABs, after survey results showed that the consumption of such beverages correlated with risky¹² behavior among college students.

Howland and his co-authors note that while energy drink companies do not explicitly¹³（明确地） advertise that their products should be mixed with alcohol, "non-traditional youth-oriented marketing strategies" include claims that such drinks will "enhance attention, endurance, performance, weight loss, and fun, while reducing performance decrements（减缩） from fatigue¹⁴（疲劳，疲乏） or alcohol."

In the new study, the research team randomized 129 participants, ages 21 to 30, into four groups: one group that consumed caffeinated beer; a second that consumed non-caffeinated beer; a third that consumed caffeinated non-alcoholic beer; and a fourth that consumed non-caffeinated, non-alcoholic beer. Those receiving alcohol attained¹⁵ an average blood alcohol level of .12 g% - somewhat higher than 0.8 g%, the legal per se level for driving under the influence.

Thirty minutes after drinking, the participants were tested on a driving simulator and on a sustained attention/reaction time test.

The results indicate that caffeine does not mitigate¹⁶（减轻，缓和） the impairment effects of alcohol. On the driving test, the effect of alcohol on performance was significant -- but the addition of caffeine did not make a noticeable difference. On the test for sustained attention and reaction times, the addition of caffeine made only a slight difference that the study deemed "borderline significant."

Howland summed up the study results: "It is important that drinkers understand that adding caffeine to alcohol does not enhance safety."

Consumption of energy drinks mixed with alcohol has mushroomed since 2001, with some surveys showing that one in four college students report mixing the two. Some studies have found that caffeine reverses alcohol-related performance impairment on tests of reaction time, attention and psychomotor（精神运动的） speed, but not on error rates. Other studies have found that caffeine does not significantly impact alcohol-induced impairment of motor coordination¹⁷.

Howland said the new study was one of the first to provide "a controlled evaluation¹⁸ of the acute effects of caffeine on driving impairment" after drinking to intoxication¹⁹ levels. The institutional review boards of Boston Medical Center, Brown University and the University of Michigan approved the study.