Scientists on the Norwich Research Park have sequenced the genome of a novel strain of Clostridium botulinum（肉毒杆菌） , one of the most dangerous pathogens known to man. The strain produces an unusual botulinum neurotoxin（神经毒素） , known as type A5 neurotoxin, which was isolated¹ by the Health Protection Agency (HPA), following a case of wound botulism. Professor Mike Peck and his research group at the Institute of Food Research (IFR) study Clostridium botulinum. Their expertise² is crucial for preventing food poisoning outbreaks in the UK and internationally and to understanding the threat that these neurotoxin-producing bacteria pose to biosecurity. Outbreaks of foodborne botulism are extremely rare, due to the diligent³ way in which research scientists and the food industry collaborate⁴ to minimise the risks.

"Our analysis of the genome sequence indicates that while the type of neurotoxin formed is unusual, the organism itself appears closely related to other strains of Clostridium botulinum, and is likely to pose a similar threat to food safety and biosecurity" said Professor Peck.

The novel A5 neurotoxin and its gene⁵ sequence were first discovered by Professor Peck's research team, and other laboratories are now analysing this specific neurotoxin and assessing the implications for food safety and biosecurity.

Having the complete genome sequence is crucial to managing the potential threat that the new strain poses. The complete genome sequence of the strain was generated by The Genome Analysis Centre (TGAC), and will help in the study of Clostridium botulinum and botulism in general.

High throughput（生产量） sequencing was performed at TGAC using the Roche 454 and Illumina GAII next generation sequencing platforms with the longer 454 reads assembled first and followed by Illumina reads to correct ambiguities⁶. Remaining gaps in the assembly were closed by Prof Peck's group at IFR using other sequencing methods.

"Having TGAC on our doorstep was extremely useful for this project, and will be a boon⁷（恩惠，福利） for IFR science," said Professor Peck. "It has enabled us to evaluate the threat that this new strain may pose to food safety and biosecurity by rapidly delivering a complete genome, finished genome sequence."

IFR and TGAC are institutes of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), which funded this research.

The genome was annotated⁸ at TGAC by Dr Lisa Crossman. Annotating⁹ the genome involves looking at the genomic sequence, and working out where the genes¹⁰ themselves are, and what they may do. This is done by comparison with genes of known function from other bacteria.

"We first annotated the genome automatically, but because of the importance in obtaining a high quality set of genes, we manually curated the most interesting parts of the genome," said Dr Crossman.

The 3.9 Mb genome is structurally¹¹ similar to other strains of C. botulinum. The scientists identified the gene that produces the neurotoxin, which is in the same location as in many other C. botulinum strains, and confirmed that no other neurotoxin genes were present. The genes needed for spore¹² germination¹³（发芽） are similar to those in related strains.