Eating a diet high in vitamin D, as well as the nutrients¹ betaine（甜菜碱） and methionine（蛋氨酸） , might help reduce the risk of macular degeneration, according to new research conducted by Tufts Medical Center scientists. Their study of identical twins from the US World War II Twin Registry also found that the more a person smoked, the higher their risk of developing macular degeneration. The study, "Smoking, Dietary Betaine, Methionine, and Vitamin D in Monozygotic（单合子的） Twins with Discordant² Macular Degeneration: Epigenetic Implications" published in the journal Ophthalmology（眼科学） on July 1, is the first to look at identical twin pairs in which one twin had early age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and the other had late stage AMD. AMD is highly heritable, with genetic³ factors determining up to 71 percent of the disease's severity as determined⁴ by a previous study of this twin registry by this same research team. By examining identical twins with the same genes⁵ but whose disease was at different stages, researchers were able to identify environmental and behavioral factors that may contribute to severity of the disease. "We wanted to know why, if they have the same genes, do they have different stages of the disease?'' said lead researcher Johanna M. Seddon, MD, ScM, Director of the Epidemiology（流行病学） and Genetics Service, Tufts Medical Center, and Professor of Ophthalmology, Tufts Universtity School of Medicine.

"Eat a healthy diet with lots of fruits and vegetables, and that can make a difference - even if you have a genetic susceptibility to macular degeneration,'' said Seddon, a specialist in macular degeneration, and, of course, don't smoke.''

Macular degeneration is one of the leading causes of vision loss in older Americans. It occurs when cells in the macula（斑点） , the part of the eye responsible for clear central vision, gradually die. Macular degeneration can progress so slowly it takes years for serious vision loss to occur but it can also develop rapidly, causing severe vision loss that can make it difficult to drive, read or conduct daily tasks.

Each twin completed a questionnaire about nutritional⁶ and health behaviors. The study found that twins whose macular degeneration was at the early stages tended to consume more vitamin D from dietary sources such as fish or milk than their brothers. Vitamin D may reduce the risk of macular degeneration because it has anti-inflammatory properties. It may also block the formation of new blood vessels⁷ that can grow under the macula, leaking blood and causing vision loss in the more severe stages of the disease. Similarly, Dr. Seddon's research team also found that higher intakes⁸ of betaine and methionine were linked to a slower progression of the disease. These nutrients have also been linked to epigenetic mechanisms⁹, which is a change in DNA¹⁰, not attributable to a change in the actual DNA sequence. Betaine is found in fish, grains and spinach¹¹（菠菜） , while methionine is found in poultry¹², fish and dairy foods.

The study also found that among the pairs of twins, the twin who was the heavier smoker¹³ tended to have the more severe case of macular degeneration. These results indicate that both genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are important, that epigenetic（外生的） factors may also be involved, and further underscores the importance of modifiable behaviors, especially avoiding smoking and eating a healthy diet, to help prevent or delay the progression of macular degeneration.

The study evaluated pairs of elderly male twins and used a survey of personal dietary and health habits to determine variations.