Newly published research by scientists at Oregon Health & Science University provides significant new information about how early embryonic² stem cells develop and take part in formation of the primate³（灵长类动物） species. The research, which took place at OHSU's Oregon National Primate Research Center, has also resulted in the first successful birth of chimeric⁴（妄想的） monkeys -- monkeys developed from stem cells taken from two separate embryos⁵. The research is being published this week in the online edition of the journal Cell and will be published in a future printed copy of the journal.

The research was conducted to gain a better understanding of the differences between natural stem cells residing in early embryos and their cultured counterparts called embryonic stem cells. This study also determined⁶ that stem cell functions and abilities are different between primates⁷ and rodents⁸.

Here's more information about the early primate stem cells that were studied: The first cell type was totipotent cells（全能细胞） -- cells from the early embryo¹ that have the ability to divide and produce all of the differentiated⁹ cells in the placenta and the body of organism. These were compared with pluripotent（多能的） cells -- cells derived¹⁰ from the later stage embryo that have only the ability to become the body but not placenta.

In mice, either totipotent or pluripotent cells from two different animals can be combined to transform into an embryo that later becomes a chimeric animal. However, the current research demonstrated that for reasons yet unknown, chimeric animals can only develop from totipotent cells in a higher animal model: the rhesus（恒河猴） macaque. OHSU showed this to be the case by successfully producing the world's first primate chimeric offspring, three baby rhesus macaques named Roku, Hex and Chimero.

"This is an important development -- not because anyone would develop human chimeras¹¹ -- but because it points out a key distinction between species and between different kind of stem cells that will impact our understanding of stem cells and their future potential in regenerative medicine," explained Shoukhrat Mitalipov, Ph.D., an associate scientist in the Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences at ONPRC.

"Stem cell therapies hold great promise for replacing damaged nerve cells in those who have been paralyzed due to a spinal¹² cord injury or for example, in replacing dopamine-producing cells in Parkinson's patients who lose these brain cells resulting in disease. As we move stem cell therapies from the lab to clinics and from the mouse to humans, we need to understand what these cells do and what they can't do and also how cell function can differ in species."

The OHSU Oregon National Primate Research Center and the National Institutes of Health funded the research.