A survey on the loss in the Northern Hemisphere of large predators¹, particularly wolves, concludes that current populations of moose（驼鹿） , deer, and other large herbivores far exceed their historic levels and are contributing to disrupted ecosystems³. The research, published recently by scientists from Oregon State University, examined 42 studies done over the past 50 years.

It found that the loss of major predators in forest ecosystems has allowed game animal populations to greatly increase, crippling the growth of young trees and reducing biodiversity. This also contributes to deforestation and results in less carbon sequestration（隔离，扣押） , a potential concern with climate change.

"These issues do not just affect the United States and a few national parks," said William Ripple⁴, an OSU professor of forestry⁵ and lead author of the study. "The data from Canada, Alaska, the Yukon, Northern Europe and Asia are all showing similar results. There's consistent evidence that large predators help keep populations of large herbivores（食草动物） in check, with positive effects on ecosystem² health."

Densities⁶ of large mammalian herbivores were six times greater in areas without wolves, compared to those in which wolves were present, the researchers concluded. They also found that combinations of predators, such as wolves and bears, can create an important synergy（协同，增效） for moderating the size of large herbivore populations.

"Wolves can provide food that bears scavenge, helping⁷ to maintain a healthy bear population," said Robert Beschta, a professor emeritus⁸ at OSU and co-author of the study. "The bears then often prey⁹ on young moose, deer or elk¹⁰ -- in Yellowstone more young elk calves¹¹ are killed by bears than by wolves, coyotes（土狼） and cougars¹² combined."

In Europe, the coexistence of wolves with lynx（山猫） also resulted in lower deer densities than when wolves existed alone.

In recent years, OSU researchers have helped lead efforts to understand how major predators help to reduce herbivore population levels, improve ecosystem function and even change how herbivores behave when they feel threatened by predation -- an important aspect they call the "ecology of fear."

"In systems where large predators remain, they appear to have a major role in sustaining the diversity and productivity of native plant communities, thus maintaining healthy ecosystems," said Beschta. "When the role of major predators is more fully¹³ appreciated, it may allow managers to reconsider some of their assumptions about the management of wildlife."