The report, in the journal PLOS Medicine, analysed genetic² data from 21 studies - a total of 42,000 people.

 

It found every 10% rise in body mass index (BMI) - used as an indicator³ of body fat - led to a 4% drop of available vitamin D in the body.

 

As vitamin D is stored in fatty tissue, the authors suggest the larger storage capacity in obese⁴ people may prevent it from circulating in the bloodstream. 

 

BMI it is calculated by taking weight (in kilograms) and dividing it by height (in metres) squared. Those with a BMI of 30 or above are considered obese. 

 

Lead author Dr Elina Hypponen, from the University College London Institute of Child Health, said the study "highlights the importance of monitoring and treating vitamin D deficiency in people who are overweight or obese". 

 

Vitamin D is made in the skin after sun exposure and can be taken in dietary supplements. 

 

Healthy levels are about 50 nanomole per litre - less than 30 nanomole per litre can cause the softening⁵ and weakening of bones, leading to rickets⁶（佝偻病） in children and osteomalacia（软骨病） in adults.

 

Prof David Haslam, from the National Obesity Forum⁷, said: "Food intake⁸ and genetics all play a part in obesity - but this research is a reminder⁹ that physical activity, like walking the dog or going for a run out in the sunshine, shouldn't be forgotten and can help correct both weight and lack of vitamin D."

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