住房自有率高会损害劳工市场
文章来源:未知 文章作者:enread 发布时间:2013-05-08 06:35 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
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Government policies that boost the amount of home ownership in a country are likely to inflict1 severe damage on the labour market, new research from the University of Warwick suggests. Professor Andrew Oswald from the University of Warwick and Professor David Blanchflower from Dartmouth College examine a century of unemployment and home ownership data for the states of the USA from 1900 to 2010.  Combining those numbers with modern data on millions of randomly2 sampled Americans, the researchers show there is a powerful link between the housing market and the later health of the economy. 
 
Rises in home ownership in a US state are followed by substantial increases in the unemployment rate in the state, a fall in the mobility3 of its workers, a rise in commuting4 times, and a drop in the rate of new business formation.  The authors are careful to check, and they replicate5, their findings for different periods of US history.  The release of their work coincides with a new European study, done independently, which draws the same conclusions.  That research, by Jani-Petri Laamanen at the University of Tampere, follows the effects of housing market deregulation(反常) across the regions of Finland.
 
Professor Oswald said: "We have been collecting data for decades now and it is appropriate to go public on the results. We find that a high rate of home-ownership slowly decimates the labour market.  The USA makes a valuable 'laboratory' in which to study this issue, because the different states have a language, currency, and culture in common."
 
The Warwick research is agnostic about some of the underlying6 mechanisms7, but the authors believe that high home ownership in an area leads to people staying put and commuting further and further to jobs, thereby8 creating cost and congestion9 for firms and other workers; to NIMBY (not in my back yard) activities where home owners block new businesses; and to an ossification10 of the mobility and dynamism of an economy.  The authors' argument is not that an owner is disproportionately likely to lose his or her job.  
 
The authors believe their ideas apply equally well to Europe.  Countries like Spain and Greece famously have high home-ownership (80%+) and high unemployment (20%+), while nations like Switzerland, Germany and Austria are notably11 low on both.
 
"The UK urgently needs a high-quality private rental12 market like the Swiss and Germans.  That would hugely improve the flexibility13 of our economy, reduce UK unemployment, and produce a lot of extra happiness all round.", Oswald said.
 
The study found, for example, that the states that had the highest change in home ownership (an average of +23 % in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina and West Virginia) since 1950 had a rise in the unemployment rate of 6.3 percentage points between 1950 and 2010.
 
By contrast, the five states that had the lowest increase in home ownership over the period 1950-2000 (an average of +1 per cent in California, North Dakota, Oregon, Washington and Wisconsin) saw a rise in unemployment of 3.5 percentage points over the 60 years from 1950-2010.
 
These numbers should be seen against the background of the unusually high national unemployment rate in 2010.
 
South Carolina, for example, saw a rise in home ownership of 27 percentage points, the single biggest rise of all the states. It also had the single biggest rise in unemployment of 8 percentage points.
 
The second largest rise in home ownership was in Mississippi of 25 percentage points. Unemployment rose 7 percentage points in the state.
 
Close to the lowest rise in home ownership was in North Dakota, which saw +0.4 per cent. The unemployment rate of North Dakota was unchanged.
 
California saw a home ownership rise of 3 percentage points and an unemployment rise of 4 percentage points.


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1 inflict Ebnz7     
vt.(on)把…强加给,使遭受,使承担
参考例句:
  • Don't inflict your ideas on me.不要把你的想法强加于我。
  • Don't inflict damage on any person.不要伤害任何人。
2 randomly cktzBM     
adv.随便地,未加计划地
参考例句:
  • Within the hot gas chamber, molecules are moving randomly in all directions. 在灼热的气体燃烧室内,分子在各个方向上作无规运动。 来自辞典例句
  • Transformed cells are loosely attached, rounded and randomly oriented. 转化细胞则不大贴壁、圆缩并呈杂乱分布。 来自辞典例句
3 mobility H6rzu     
n.可动性,变动性,情感不定
参考例句:
  • The difference in regional house prices acts as an obstacle to mobility of labour.不同地区房价的差异阻碍了劳动力的流动。
  • Mobility is very important in guerrilla warfare.机动性在游击战中至关重要。
4 commuting d2c3874ec246fb1858841223ffe4992e     
交换(的)
参考例句:
  • I used the commuting time to read and answer my mail. 我利用上下班在汽车中的时间来阅读和答复给我的函电。
  • Noncommuting objects are as real to the mathematicians as commuting objects. 对于数学家来说,不可交换的对象与可交换的对象是一样真实的。
5 replicate PVAxN     
v.折叠,复制,模写;n.同样的样品;adj.转折的
参考例句:
  • The DNA of chromatin must replicate before cell division.染色质DNA在细胞分裂之前必须复制。
  • It is also easy to replicate,as the next subsection explains.就像下一个小节详细说明的那样,它还可以被轻易的复制。
6 underlying 5fyz8c     
adj.在下面的,含蓄的,潜在的
参考例句:
  • The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
  • This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。
7 mechanisms d0db71d70348ef1c49f05f59097917b8     
n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 );机械装置;[生物学] 机制;机械作用
参考例句:
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
8 thereby Sokwv     
adv.因此,从而
参考例句:
  • I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市,因此对它不怎么熟悉。
  • He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民,因而得到了投票权。
9 congestion pYmy3     
n.阻塞,消化不良
参考例句:
  • The congestion in the city gets even worse during the summer.夏天城市交通阻塞尤为严重。
  • Parking near the school causes severe traffic congestion.在学校附近泊车会引起严重的交通堵塞。
10 ossification 8348529f12531f5f158f9ad93035e983     
n.骨化,(思想等的)僵化
参考例句:
  • Objective To study the mechanism of ossification of yellow ligament. 目的为研究黄韧带骨化致椎管狭窄的机制打下基础。 来自互联网
  • Conclusion. Dural ossification is a common finding in OLF. 结论:硬膜骨化是OLF常见的表现。 来自互联网
11 notably 1HEx9     
adv.值得注意地,显著地,尤其地,特别地
参考例句:
  • Many students were absent,notably the monitor.许多学生缺席,特别是连班长也没来。
  • A notably short,silver-haired man,he plays basketball with his staff several times a week.他个子明显较为矮小,一头银发,每周都会和他的员工一起打几次篮球。
12 rental cBezh     
n.租赁,出租,出租业
参考例句:
  • The yearly rental of her house is 2400 yuan.她这房子年租金是2400元。
  • We can organise car rental from Chicago O'Hare Airport.我们可以安排提供从芝加哥奥黑尔机场出发的租车服务。
13 flexibility vjPxb     
n.柔韧性,弹性,(光的)折射性,灵活性
参考例句:
  • Her great strength lies in her flexibility.她的优势在于她灵活变通。
  • The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old.人老了肌肉的柔韧性将降低。
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