Options for the Development Pattern of China’s Aut(2)
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2008-11-25 00:15 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)

Of the many industries in China, auto1 industry does not develop fast and is not competitive. There are many reasons that lead to this situation. But the main reason is that it has not experienced a complete process of market opening and competition. This will be clearer after being compared with the development of other industries.

Since the reform and opening-up, China has seen some fast-developing industries, especially the household electrical appliance industry. In spite of many problems, they are generally healthy and dynamic, and outperform other industries in product upgrading, technological3 proGREss, quality, service and guaranteeing consumers’ rights. They will be most competitive even after China’s entry into WTO. The sound development of these industries should be mostly attributed to the fact that they have experienced a process of market opening and intensive competition, thus solving the three key problems crucial to the development of an industry:

First, the “discovery” of advantageous4 enterprises. The advantageous enterprises are not born by nature, self-styled or designated by the government. They must experience a process of being “screened” through competition before being “discovered”. Any individuals or organizations including the governments cannot foretell5 which enterprises are advantageous enterprises. Today’s advanced enterprises were once not sure whether they would surely succeed today. This is determined6 by the competition on the market.

Second, the learning and training of enterprises’ competitiveness. “Competitiveness can only be acquired through competition” is a basic tenet. An enterprise’s marketing7, management, R&D and financing abilities can only be acquired and accumulated from the twists and turns in the course of competition, and consequently, the organization, mechanism8 and system of an enterprise can be gradually improved as well. The scale and competitiveness of an enterprise are not only a technical concept. More importantly, it is related to system and mechanism.

Third, the exploration and use of market potentials. Competition helps enterprises reduce costs and prices, raise product quality, improve services, promote new products and turn GREat potential need to realistic demand.

Automobile9 and electrical appliance industries, both belonging to processing, assembling and manufacturing industries, are similar in terms of technological and market structure, for instance, they both have a high demand for scale economy and develop into highly industrial concentration as a result of competition. However, auto industry has not shown the active development momentum10 and competitiveness like household electrical appliance industry. This is largely because the former has not experienced a full process of market opening and competition. From the view of policy, we should, in particular, reflect on and examine the strict policy on market access and the restrictive consumption policy. Due to strict limitation on market access, in addition to the restriction11 on the model, variety and specification12 of automobiles13, the competition is not complete and limited, although China has more than 100 car plants. The restrictive consumption policy has prevented the existing market demand from being unleashed14,
and at the same time, placed the insufficient15 production capacity in surplus.

II. “Establishing the Competitive Edge as a Big Country in the Course of Opening”: The Option for the Development Pattern of China’s Auto Industry under the New Situation

the development pattern of China’s auto industry under the new situation should proceed from the current domestic and international condition and be based on current and potential advantages. China should learn from the international experiences in the development of auto industry, especially those of the newly developed countries, for making options that conform to the law of development. We believe this pattern could be summarized by “establishing the competitive edge as a big country in the course of opening”.

This means, firstly, we should base ourselves on opening. To put it specifically, we should gradually integrate the auto industry into the system of international working division under the framework of WTO so as to adapt to and make use of, not reject, the trend of globalization of auto industry. As a rising developing country, China certainly needs some necessary protection over some of its industries. Instead of relying on the protection, it should take an active part in extensive and in-depth international competition and cooperation. Secondly16, China should make full use of and cultivate its own advantages. At the present stage, the advantages of China’s auto industry include the overall capability17 of the manufacturing industry, labor18 cost and the large market in a big country. These advantages are the comparative advantages according to the theory of economics. But in many cases, comparative advantages are not equal to competitive advantages. The key is to adjust the system, strategy and policies under the opening policy in order to turn the realistic and potential comparative advantages to competitive advantages. Thirdly, the advantage of a large market in a big country is most important. First of all, China’s huge market will yield the effect of scale economy in various links of the auto industry chains. This will mainly be reflected in car assembling and production of some spare parts. And the demand for independent R&D that meets the need of Chinese market will therefore arise. Next, China’s domestic market can accommodate several strong transnational corporations. At the same time, it can also provide space large enough for a large number of domestic enterprises and enterprises with domestic capital. Finally, Chinese market is not only large, but also appears to be obviously multi-layered, which is conducive19 to the domestic enterprises that started late and are still developing.#p#分页标题#e#

To be specific, the new development pattern should include the following features:

1. Cultivating a domestic market with active and full competitive environment. Compared with the production and sale capacity of more than 10 million automobiles in the future 20 to 30 years, China’s current auto industry with manufacturing and marketing capacity of more than 2 million cars is still at an infant stage now. Therefore, there will be a necessary, possible, to put it more precisely20, unavoidable process of competition designed to select advantageous enterprises, raise enterprises’ competitiveness and explore the market potentials. Due to market access barriers on investment scale and technologies on the current industrial basis, the gradual entry of transnational corporations and the government’s rational policy guidance, competition within the auto industry may take on different characteristics from that in the electrical appliance industry, and the process of competition spurring the industrial growth could be shortened. The urgent task is to foster a domestic environment of active and full competition. The limitation on industrial access should be drastically relaxed; as the government’s direct investment stops, various responsible investors21 including non-state investors should be allowed to enter the industry; the administrative22 monopoly by departments and regions should be further done away with so as to form an open and unified23 domestic market; competition order should be regulated, and new systems should be built to restrict activities that hamper24 positive competition. The basis of and key to the successful new development pattern is a market with active and full competition, without which development will hardly go on. If this foundation could be laid well, we will have every reason to predict that in a short period of time (five years or longer), China will have a batch25 of competitive enterprises with initial international competitiveness, which include joint26 venture enterprises, solely-foreign invested enterprises, domestic enterprises and enterprises with domestic capital.

2. Several transnational corporations will enter into Chinese market while outstanding domestic enterprises develop on their own. One important policy orientation27 is that supporting the entry of transnational corporations will be a component28 of the country’s global strategy. When the tariff29 rates are drastically reduced after China’s entry into WTO, the transnational corporations will have two choices: first, exporting cars to China, second, building factories and manufacturing cars in China. Our policy should clearly avoid large-scale car imports, or large-scale cars assembling with low added value for the Chinese market. After China’s entry into WTO, we should relax or abolish the restriction on the equity30 and localization rate set for foreign investors at a proper time so that they would make industrial transfer to China out of the consideration of global strategy. They should be specially2 encouraged to export cars and parts from China. The other policy orientation is to encourage the positive competition between transnational corporations in China. The experience of many industries has proved that such competition is extremely important to product upgrading, speeding up transnational corporations’ transfer of technologies to China, improving management and reducing costs. On the other hand, we should encourage domestic enterprises and enterprises with domestic capital to cultivate their core competitiveness and support them to cooperate with foreign-invested enterprises in various forms (not just joint venture), especially their effort in developing, upgrading and enlarging the scale of R&D, brand building and marketing system. The entry of transnational corporations does not conflict with the independent development of domestic enterprises and enterprises with domestic capital. The Chinese market can provide sufficient space for both of them. They will surely compete with each other, but more often, they will cooperate, unite and merge31, eventually raising the overall competitiveness of China’s automobile industry.

3. Gradually integrating into the world’s work division system of automobile industry in the course of opening, and taking the improvement of international competitiveness and realization32 of net export as the mid- and long-term objectives. We should change the ideas and practice of confining the industrial chains in the country (even within an area) and mainly relying on domestic market and resources, gradually integrate the auto industry into the global system of purchasing, manufacturing, marketing and R&D in order to make good use of domestic and international markets and resources. We should completely give up the goals of substituting imports with domestic-made products. We will import and export cars, concentrate our efforts in developing the products with market and resource advantages while importing some products that China does not produce or has no advantages, such as luxurious33 automobiles. As the country’s auto market is large and still developing, it can support large-scale car-assembling production mainly aimed at the domestic market and demonstrate the positive effect of scale economy. On this basis, the fast growth of entire cars and auto parts with international competitiveness could well be expected. From the mid- and long-term point of view, we should strive to realize the net export of automobiles at a very high level of opening and gradually increase its share in the global market. This means that China will not only be the largest potential consumer, but also a strong car processor and manufacturer with fairly strong competitiveness.#p#分页标题#e#

4. the mid-term development strategy is focused on economical household automobiles. Firstly, this strategy targets at the demand at the initial development stage of the automobile market, where the household automobiles will be the focus with the GREatest demand for economical household cars. Secondly, the strategy will be beneficial to the involvement of new enterprises and cultivation34 of competitiveness. The demand for technologies, management, funds and talent from the development of economical household cars is relatively35 low, or there exists less access hindrance36. This is a rare opportunity (maybe the last opportunity) for the domestic enterprises or enterprises with domestic capital. Of course, economical household cars don’t necessarily mean low level of technology and quality. With the change of market demand and the development of enterprises, there will be much room for improvement in technology and quality. Thirdly, if China has developed a fairly large scale of economical household car production with certain competitiveness, it will have a good market opportunity in the international market, especially in the market of adjacent emerging countries.

5. Reorganization of auto part industry oriented towards the global market. On the one hand, China’s auto part enterprises, affected37 by the domestic policy that requires the high localization rate of cars, are mainly catering38 to the domestic market. On the other hand, in enterprise organization, they usually include auto part production and car production in an enterprise group. The auto part production mainly meets the need of car production. So these enterprises are plagued by small product batches39, high costs and low technological development ability. This has not only seriously restricted the development of auto part industry, but also increased the cost of the whole industry. The objective of reorganizing the auto part industry is to adjust the relationship between car enterprises and auto part enterprises so that the car factories are able to select good auto parts from all the enterprises. The auto part enterprises can supply parts to all the car factories through competition. The objective of the first phase of the reorganization is to free the auto part factories from the restriction of enterprise groups and regions so that the enterprises in good conditions would speed up reorganization and build up capability in order to become nationwide suppliers. Then the objective of the second phase is to actively40 take part in the transnational reorganization. With the help of transnational corporations’ global purchase and marketing network plus their own efforts, a number of competitive auto part enterprises will gradually become global suppliers. In the middle and long run, the proportion of China’s auto part import and export should be higher than that of cars. In this course, the number of auto part enterprises will be reduced comparatively while the large auto part enterprises characterized by modularization and systematization will increase. There will be a huge development space for international auto part corporations and competitive domestic auto part enterprises.

6. Transferring towards the top of industrial value added chains step by step. In terms of technological content and added value, the late-coming countries have basically experienced four phases in their auto industry development -- imports, KD assembling, introduction of technologies and production of scale, and turning to maturity41. At present, China’s auto industry is basically at the stage with the characteristics of the second and third phases. Raising technological development and value adding capability of the industry should be the objective for the new development pattern. But in general, we should follow the track of transferring towards top of industrial value added chains by phases. The large-scale production based on the large-country market will make transnational corporations transfer part of their R&D capability to China. The R&D that meet China’s specific demand will be prioritized. The competition between transnational corporations will also help speed up the transfer of technology. Secondly, this move, identical with the strategy of developing economical household cars, should seek a technological breakthrough and develop a certain deGREe of advantage. At the same time, with the reorganization of auto part enterprises, we should speed up improving the R&D capability and develop international competitiveness in some auto part products. Thirdly, as the auto industry is more mature and its degree of internationalization is higher, especially with the progress of R&D talent, the domestic technological development forces will be more involved in the international work division of R& D and become a more and more important part of it.



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1 auto ZOnyW     
n.(=automobile)(口语)汽车
参考例句:
  • Don't park your auto here.别把你的汽车停在这儿。
  • The auto industry has brought many people to Detroit.汽车工业把许多人吸引到了底特律。
2 specially Hviwq     
adv.特定地;特殊地;明确地
参考例句:
  • They are specially packaged so that they stack easily.它们经过特别包装以便于堆放。
  • The machine was designed specially for demolishing old buildings.这种机器是专为拆毁旧楼房而设计的。
3 technological gqiwY     
adj.技术的;工艺的
参考例句:
  • A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
  • Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今, 随着科技进步,生活节奏不断增快。
4 advantageous BK5yp     
adj.有利的;有帮助的
参考例句:
  • Injections of vitamin C are obviously advantageous.注射维生素C显然是有利的。
  • You're in a very advantageous position.你处于非常有利的地位。
5 foretell 9i3xj     
v.预言,预告,预示
参考例句:
  • Willow trees breaking out into buds foretell the coming of spring.柳枝绽青报春来。
  • The outcome of the war is hard to foretell.战争胜负难以预卜。
6 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
7 marketing Boez7e     
n.行销,在市场的买卖,买东西
参考例句:
  • They are developing marketing network.他们正在发展销售网络。
  • He often goes marketing.他经常去市场做生意。
8 mechanism zCWxr     
n.机械装置;机构,结构
参考例句:
  • The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
  • The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。
9 automobile rP1yv     
n.汽车,机动车
参考例句:
  • He is repairing the brake lever of an automobile.他正在修理汽车的刹车杆。
  • The automobile slowed down to go around the curves in the road.汽车在路上转弯时放慢了速度。
10 momentum DjZy8     
n.动力,冲力,势头;动量
参考例句:
  • We exploit the energy and momentum conservation laws in this way.我们就是这样利用能量和动量守恒定律的。
  • The law of momentum conservation could supplant Newton's third law.动量守恒定律可以取代牛顿第三定律。
11 restriction jW8x0     
n.限制,约束
参考例句:
  • The park is open to the public without restriction.这个公园对公众开放,没有任何限制。
  • The 30 mph speed restriction applies in all built-up areas.每小时限速30英里适用于所有建筑物聚集区。
12 specification yvwwn     
n.详述;[常pl.]规格,说明书,规范
参考例句:
  • I want to know his specification of details.我想知道他对细节的详述。
  • Examination confirmed that the quality of the products was up to specification.经检查,产品质量合格。
13 automobiles 760a1b7b6ea4a07c12e5f64cc766962b     
n.汽车( automobile的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • When automobiles become popular,the use of the horse and buggy passed away. 汽车普及后,就不再使用马和马车了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Automobiles speed in an endless stream along the boulevard. 宽阔的林荫道上,汽车川流不息。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
14 unleashed unleashed     
v.把(感情、力量等)释放出来,发泄( unleash的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The government's proposals unleashed a storm of protest in the press. 政府的提案引发了新闻界的抗议浪潮。
  • The full force of his rage was unleashed against me. 他把所有的怒气都发泄在我身上。 来自《简明英汉词典》
15 insufficient L5vxu     
adj.(for,of)不足的,不够的
参考例句:
  • There was insufficient evidence to convict him.没有足够证据给他定罪。
  • In their day scientific knowledge was insufficient to settle the matter.在他们的时代,科学知识还不能足以解决这些问题。
16 secondly cjazXx     
adv.第二,其次
参考例句:
  • Secondly,use your own head and present your point of view.第二,动脑筋提出自己的见解。
  • Secondly it is necessary to define the applied load.其次,需要确定所作用的载荷。
17 capability JsGzZ     
n.能力;才能;(pl)可发展的能力或特性等
参考例句:
  • She has the capability to become a very fine actress.她有潜力成为杰出演员。
  • Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability.组织整个部门是他能力以外的事。
18 labor P9Tzs     
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦
参考例句:
  • We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
  • He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后,他已经疲惫不堪了。
19 conducive hppzk     
adj.有益的,有助的
参考例句:
  • This is a more conducive atmosphere for studying.这样的氛围更有利于学习。
  • Exercise is conducive to good health.体育锻炼有助于增强体质。
20 precisely zlWzUb     
adv.恰好,正好,精确地,细致地
参考例句:
  • It's precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。
  • The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。
21 investors dffc64354445b947454450e472276b99     
n.投资者,出资者( investor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • a con man who bilked investors out of millions of dollars 诈取投资者几百万元的骗子
  • a cash bonanza for investors 投资者的赚钱机会
22 administrative fzDzkc     
adj.行政的,管理的
参考例句:
  • The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。
  • He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。
23 unified 40b03ccf3c2da88cc503272d1de3441c     
(unify 的过去式和过去分词); 统一的; 统一标准的; 一元化的
参考例句:
  • The teacher unified the answer of her pupil with hers. 老师核对了学生的答案。
  • The First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 B.C. 秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国。
24 hamper oyGyk     
vt.妨碍,束缚,限制;n.(有盖的)大篮子
参考例句:
  • There are some apples in a picnic hamper.在野餐用的大篮子里有许多苹果。
  • The emergence of such problems seriously hamper the development of enterprises.这些问题的出现严重阻碍了企业的发展。
25 batch HQgyz     
n.一批(组,群);一批生产量
参考例句:
  • The first batch of cakes was burnt.第一炉蛋糕烤焦了。
  • I have a batch of letters to answer.我有一批信要回复。
26 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合
参考例句:
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤,肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
27 orientation IJ4xo     
n.方向,目标;熟悉,适应,情况介绍
参考例句:
  • Children need some orientation when they go to school.小孩子上学时需要适应。
  • The traveller found his orientation with the aid of a good map.旅行者借助一幅好地图得知自己的方向。
28 component epSzv     
n.组成部分,成分,元件;adj.组成的,合成的
参考例句:
  • Each component is carefully checked before assembly.每个零件在装配前都经过仔细检查。
  • Blade and handle are the component parts of a knife.刀身和刀柄是一把刀的组成部分。
29 tariff mqwwG     
n.关税,税率;(旅馆、饭店等)价目表,收费表
参考例句:
  • There is a very high tariff on jewelry.宝石类的关税率很高。
  • The government is going to lower the tariff on importing cars.政府打算降低进口汽车的关税。
30 equity ji8zp     
n.公正,公平,(无固定利息的)股票
参考例句:
  • They shared the work of the house with equity.他们公平地分担家务。
  • To capture his equity,Murphy must either sell or refinance.要获得资产净值,墨菲必须出售或者重新融资。
31 merge qCpxF     
v.(使)结合,(使)合并,(使)合为一体
参考例句:
  • I can merge my two small businesses into a large one.我可以将我的两家小商店合并为一家大商行。
  • The directors have decided to merge the two small firms together.董事们已决定把这两家小商号归并起来。
32 realization nTwxS     
n.实现;认识到,深刻了解
参考例句:
  • We shall gladly lend every effort in our power toward its realization.我们将乐意为它的实现而竭尽全力。
  • He came to the realization that he would never make a good teacher.他逐渐认识到自己永远不会成为好老师。
33 luxurious S2pyv     
adj.精美而昂贵的;豪华的
参考例句:
  • This is a luxurious car complete with air conditioning and telephone.这是一辆附有空调设备和电话的豪华轿车。
  • The rich man lives in luxurious surroundings.这位富人生活在奢侈的环境中。
34 cultivation cnfzl     
n.耕作,培养,栽培(法),养成
参考例句:
  • The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。
  • The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation.这块土地不够肥沃,不值得耕种。
35 relatively bkqzS3     
adv.比较...地,相对地
参考例句:
  • The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
  • The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
36 hindrance AdKz2     
n.妨碍,障碍
参考例句:
  • Now they can construct tunnel systems without hindrance.现在他们可以顺利地建造隧道系统了。
  • The heavy baggage was a great hindrance to me.那件行李成了我的大累赘。
37 affected TzUzg0     
adj.不自然的,假装的
参考例句:
  • She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
  • His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。
38 catering WwtztU     
n. 给养
参考例句:
  • Most of our work now involves catering for weddings. 我们现在的工作多半是承办婚宴。
  • Who did the catering for your son's wedding? 你儿子的婚宴是由谁承办的?
39 batches f8c77c3bee0bd5d27b9ca0e20c216d1a     
一批( batch的名词复数 ); 一炉; (食物、药物等的)一批生产的量; 成批作业
参考例句:
  • The prisoners were led out in batches and shot. 这些囚犯被分批带出去枪毙了。
  • The stainless drum may be used to make larger batches. 不锈钢转数设备可用来加工批量大的料。
40 actively lzezni     
adv.积极地,勤奋地
参考例句:
  • During this period all the students were actively participating.在这节课中所有的学生都积极参加。
  • We are actively intervening to settle a quarrel.我们正在积极调解争执。
41 maturity 47nzh     
n.成熟;完成;(支票、债券等)到期
参考例句:
  • These plants ought to reach maturity after five years.这些植物五年后就该长成了。
  • This is the period at which the body attains maturity.这是身体发育成熟的时期。
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