Patients with severe brain damage who do not appear to have signs of consciousness still seem able to learn, a Cambridge University study suggests.

一项剑桥大学的研究显示，具有严重脑损伤、看起来没有知觉的病人似乎仍然有学习能力。

Researchers hope the test will help determine which patients may recover

Researchers tested for Pavlovian-like responses in 22 people in a persistent¹ vegetative state by playing a noise prior to a puff² of（一阵） air to the eye.

Some subjects learnt to anticipate the puff of air causing the eye muscles to twitch³, Nature Neuroscience reported.

The team hopes it may lead to tests to determine which patients could recover.

Study leader Dr Tristan Bekinschtein from the University of Cambridge said the consensus⁴ had been that learning to link one stimulus⁵ with another - in this case a noise and a puff of air - was dependent on explicit⁶（明确的，详述的） awareness⁷ of the association.

But the study, where up to 70 puffs⁸ of air were delivered over a 25 minute period, showed that this sort of conditioning is possible even in patients who, by all other measures, are not conscious.

Electrodes positioned by the eyes picked up whether the muscles began to respond or not.

And a control experiment doing the same tests on people under general anaesthesia（麻醉，麻木） did not produce the same responses, suggesting that the learning does not happen when truly unconscious, and that some patients may have some level of consciousness not apparent on traditional tests.

Sign of recovery

Dr Bekinschtein, who began the work as a PhD student in Argentina, said they also found that patients who started to anticipate（预期，期待） the puff of air were more likely to show signs of recovery later on, in terms of increased ability to communicate.

Although the results are reported in 22 patients, some of whom were in what is termed a "minimally⁹ conscious state", the team has since used the test in many more and is planning a large clinical trial with colleagues in the US and Belgium.

"These were classic Pavlovian experiments and some patients, but not all of them, started to respond.

"They were clearly anticipating the stimulus would come, so there is some kind of perception and from the point of view of the patient who is allegedly unconscious this could have profound implications," he said.

He said an exciting aspect of the study was that the test was easy to do and could be carried out without specialist equipment.

"This is potentially a test that could be used to test the consciousness of the patient.

"Interestingly about 80% of those who showed learning had some improvement so it gives us some confidence that we can predict those who will show some level of recovery," he added.

Professor Christopher Yeo, an expert in behavioural neuroscience（神经系统科学） at University College London, said the results looked interesting although the effects seen were small.

"All the data is extremely subtle（微妙的，敏感的） so a study in a bigger group will improve the reliability¹⁰ of the findings," he said.

"The only thing I would say in terms of practical relevance¹¹ is the subjects who don't learn are the ones who don't improve their condition but among those who do learn there is even distribution（分配，散布） between those who do and do not improve."