Madagascar is home to extraordinary biodiversity, but in the past few decades, the island's forests and associated biodiversity have been under greater attack than ever. Rapid deforestation is affecting the biotopes of hundreds of species, including the panther chameleon¹, a species with spectacular intra-specific colour variation. A new study by Michel Milinkovitch, professor of genetics, evolution, and biophysics at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), led in close collaboration³ with colleagues in Madagascar, reveals that this charismatic reptilian⁴ species, which is only found in Madagascar, is actually composed of eleven different species. The results of their research appear in the latest issue of the Molecular⁵ Ecology journal. They also discuss the urgent need to protect Madagascar's habitats. In collaboration with professor Achille Raselimanana of the University of Antananarivo, researchers from the Department of Genetics and Evolution in the UNIGE Faculty⁶ of Sciences, led by Michel Milinkovitch, sought to find the genetic² keys behind panther chameleon's incredible colour palette. Their analyses, performed on site in Madagascar, reveal the presence of 11 rather than a single species.