A 48 million year-old horse-like equoid fetus¹ has been discovered at the Messel pit near Frankfurt, Germany according to a study published October 7, 2015 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Jens Lorenz Franzen from Senckenberg Research Institute Frankfurt, Germany, and Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland, and colleagues. The authors of this study completed their investigation² of the fetus from a 48 million year-old horse-like equoid uncovered near Frankfurt, Germany in 2000. They evaluated the bones and anatomy³ and used scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution micro-x-ray to describe the ~12.5 cm fetus. The fetus appears to be well-preserved, with almost all bones present and connected, except for the skull⁴, which appears to have been crushed. The well-preserved condition of the fossil allowed the researchers to reconstruct the original appearance and position of the fetus. They estimate that the mare⁶ may have died shortly before birth, but don't believe the death was related to birth. 

 

The authors also found preserved soft tissue, like the uteroplacenta and one broad uterine ligament, which may represent the earliest fossil record of the uterine system of a placental mammal. Applying SEM, the authors discovered a bacterial⁷ lawn replacing the soft tissues, as is common with other specimens⁸ found in that area. The observable details correspond largely with living mares, which lead the authors to posit⁵ that the reproductive system was already highly developed during the Paleocene, and possibly even earlier.

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