It is often necessary to treat produce for insects in order to transport crops out of quarantine areas. Fumigation¹ with methyl bromide, one of the most common treatments, is in the process of being phased out because of its depleting² effect on the ozone³ layer. Alternately, ionizing irradiation at low doses is being used worldwide as a promising⁴ phytosanitary treatment for fruit such as guava, rambutan, and mango. New research reveals that irradiation can also be effective for treating blueberries and grapes for export without compromising fruit quality. 'Star', 'Jewel', and 'Snowchaser' blueberries and 'Sugraone' and 'Crimson⁵ Seedless' grapes were irradiated at a target dose of 400 Gy (range of 400-590 Gy for blueberries and 400-500 Gy for grapes) and stored for 3 and 18 days under refrigeration, plus 3 days at ambient temperatures. "This experiment was designed to simulate the time of ground transport (from California) to Mexico and sea transport from California to Asia," the scientists explained. The fruit was then evaluated for soluble⁶ solids concentration, titratable acidity⁷, and weight loss. With respect to these quality attributes, the results showed differences among fruit varieties, but the researchers found treatment effects to be "not significant."

 

The study also involved sensory⁸ tests in which consumers evaluated the fruit on appearance, flavor, texture⁹, and overall "liking¹⁰." "Firmness was the primary attribute affected¹¹ by irradiation for both varieties of grapes, but sensory testing showed that consumers did not have a preference for control or irradiated fruit," the authors said. "However, sensory scores for flavor were higher for the irradiated berries than the control berries after storage, suggesting a decline in quality of the control blueberries with time," the scientists noted¹².

 

The authors said the research showed that (in terms of quality) irradiation at 400 Gy can maintain blueberry and table grape quality sufficiently¹³ to meet transportation, distribution, and storage needs for overseas markets. "Our results show that both blueberries and grapes have a high tolerance¹⁴ for phytosanitary irradiation and that storage affects their quality more than irradiation treatment," they concluded.

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