Cookies, soda¹, candy, chocolate: It can be hard to resist the temptation of sugary-sweet treats and drinks.

But sugar is high in calories, and eating too much of it can cause weight gain and other health problems. That's why millions of people drink diet sodas² and eat foods that contain artificial sweeteners in place of sugar. These synthetic³ chemicals taste sweet, but they have no calories.

 

 

 

But are sugar substitutes safe to use? The answer is complicated.

Sweet controversy⁴

For as long as artificial sweeteners have been around, they've been surrounded by controversy. Some studies have suggested that they cause cancer, allergies⁵, and other health problems, while other studies question those findings.

It's also unclear whether eating sugarfree foods can actually help people control their weight. Some researchers even think artificial sweeteners are helping⁶ fuel a widespread addiction⁷ to sugar.

 

 

 

"The more [sweets] you get, the more you need to feel satisfied," says David L. Katz, director of the Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center in New Haven⁸, Conn.

"So, when it comes time for dinner," he says, "pasta sauce without added sugar tastes bland⁹. When it's time for dessert, intense sweetness is required" for people to be happy.

Despite the debate, plenty of people continue to down artificial sweeteners. In the United States alone, nearly 200 million people consume sugarfree or low-calorie products, according to the Calorie Control Council, a group that represents the diet-food industry. About half of the people who eat and drink sugarfree products make a habit of it—consuming an average of four such items every day.

People develop lifelong preferences for certain tastes and flavors during childhood, Katz says. So the choices you make now may affect eating habits for the rest of your life.

Acquired tastes

Some flavors, such as spicy¹⁰ and sour, require practice to enjoy, and our tongues are highly sensitive to these tastes. Just a dash of cayenne pepper, for example, can make a dish too fiery¹¹ for some people to eat. A preference for sweet, on the other hand, comes naturally. Even babies like sugar—and lots of it.

That's because sugar is a rich source of calories, and calories provide energy. For our ancestors, craving¹² sweet foods was an important way to ensure that they would get enough energy to survive, says Eric Walters, a biochemist at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science in North Chicago, Ill.

 

 

 

Since more calories mean more energy, our taste buds developed a fairly high tolerance¹³ for sugar, Walters says. That means most people can handle—and enjoy—huge doses of sweet stuff.

Artificial sweeteners stimulate¹⁴ the same cells in our tongues as sugar does. Thanks to the substitutes' chemistry, however, they are hundreds to tens of thousands of times as sweet as sugar. That means that far less of them is required to make something taste sweet.

So, where a 12-ounce can of regular cola contains about 10 teaspoons¹⁵ of sugar, a can of diet cola contains less than a tenth of a teaspoon¹⁶ of the artificial-sweetener aspartame.

Because sugar substitutes work in such small quantities, they add almost no calories to a product. That's good news to many people on weight-reduction diets.

People with a disease called diabetes¹⁷ also often turn to artificial sweeteners because these products don't raise levels of sugar in the blood, as sugar does. Diabetics have to be extra careful about controlling blood-sugar levels.

But artificial sweeteners are chemicals, and they're made in labs. Sugar, by contrast, comes from living plants. Many people are concerned that artificial sweeteners, like some other synthetic chemicals, may cause health problems. Over the decades, the fears have waxed and waned¹⁸, but questions about their safety are still debated.

Scary sweeteners

Five artificial sweeteners are currently available in the United States (and several more in other countries). Saccharin¹⁹, the oldest artificial sweetener, was first produced in 1879. It's sold as Sweet'N Low in the United States. It's used in diet soda, candy, and other sugarfree products.

Some studies have linked saccharin to cancer in rodents²⁰. But other studies have shown that animals must consume the equivalent of hundreds of cans of saccharin-containing soda every day to experience any ill effects.

In the minuscule²¹ amounts that people actually consume it, Walters says, "I think saccharin is very, very safe."

Aspartame (which is marketed as NutraSweet or Equal and appears in products such as Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi) has aroused similar health concerns since it was first produced more than 40 years ago. In the most recent scare, a group of Italian researchers found evidence that rats fed lots of aspartame developed cancer.

 

 

 

A panel of 10 American scientists examined the Italian research and found major flaws. The rats used in the experiments, for example, were sick to begin with. And the researchers didn't keep good track of exactly how much aspartame each rat consumed.

The U.S. panel also reviewed more than 500 aspartame studies and concluded the substance is safe. The majority of the studies, the scientists found, show that an average adult can eat as many as 19,400 packets of Equal a day without any permanent ill effects.

"I have no question in my mind that it is safe to consume aspartame, and I'd rather consume that than the calories of a full-sugar soda," says University of Maryland toxicologist Bernadene Magnuson, a member of the review panel. She encourages her kids to adopt the same attitude.

Some scientists and antisweetener activists²² remain concerned that previous safety studies have been biased²³ in favor of artificial sweeteners. (The U.S. experts-panel study cited above, for example, was funded by a company that produces aspartame.)

"The only ones with the incentive²⁴ to study [artificial sweeteners] are the companies marketing²⁵ them," says Michael Jacobson, executive director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest in Washington, D.C. "If they say it causes cancer, they're out of business."

Diet food?

Millions of people have been consuming artificial sweeteners for many decades, and no diseases have broken out as a result. That's pretty good evidence that these substances are probably harmless to our health at the concentrations we eat them, Katz says.

Still, Katz himself avoids them, partly because he says there's no convincing evidence that "diet" products are a good diet strategy. In fact, eating artificially sweetened foods may actually sabotage²⁶ weight-reduction efforts.

 

 

 

In a 2004 study, for example, rats that drank a lot of a saccharin-sweetened drink ended up eating much more other food than did rats that had drunk equal amounts of a beverage²⁷ sweetened with sugar.

What's behind the surprising result? Perhaps, Katz says, artificial sweeteners confuse the brain's ability to connect sweet tastes with the calories in sweet foods. So, rats that eat a lot of sugarfree foods may end up eating more high-calorie foods to compensate²⁸. The same might be true of people.

Katz also suspects that bathing the tongue all day in any kind of sweetener—plant based or artificial—only increases desire for supersweet foods. Today, he says, most store-bought salad dressings²⁹ and pasta sauces contain more sugar per gram than chocolate syrup³⁰ does. We've become so used to the taste of these products that many people prefer them to unsweetened versions. (Artificially sweetened versions of these products are now available too).

Sugar, sugar everywhere . . .

Despite the questions and controversies³¹, artificial sweeteners, like sugar, are more popular than ever. They're appearing in more and more foods, from ice cream to jellies to cough drops. And the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is reviewing even more sugar substitutes for approval.

 

 

 

In an attempt to eat a healthy diet, Katz and his family try to avoid sugar as well as artificial sweeteners. The effort has influenced the taste preferences of his five children.

Because his kids eat so little sugar at home, Katz says, they experience sweetness overload³² when they eat cake or other sweet treats at a birthday party.

"They take one bite and then look for the wastebasket to spit it out," he says, "because [to them] it's sickeningly sweet."

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