Western Europe has long been held to be the "cradle" of Neandertal evolution since many of the earliest discoveries were from sites in this region. But when Neandertals started disappearing around 30,000 years ago, anthropologists（人类学家） figured that climactic factors or competition from modern humans were the likely causes. Intriguingly², new research suggests that Western European Neandertals were on the verge³ of extinction⁴ long before modern humans showed up. This new perspective comes from a study of ancient DNA⁵ carried out by an international research team. Rolf Quam, a Binghamton University anthropologist¹, was a co-author of the study led by Anders Götherström at Uppsala University and Love Dalén at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, and published in the journal Molecular⁶ Biology and Evolution.

"The Neandertals are our closest fossil relatives and abundant evidence of their lifeways and skeletal remains⁷ have been found at many sites across Europe and western Asia," said Quam, assistant professor of anthropology⁸. "Until modern humans arrived on the scene, it was widely thought that Europe had been populated by a relatively⁹ stable Neandertal population for hundreds of thousands of years. Our research suggests otherwise and in light of these new results, this long-held theory now faces scrutiny¹⁰（详细审查） ."

Focusing on mitochondrial DNA sequences from 13 Neandertal individuals, including a new sequence from the site of Valdegoba cave in northern Spain, the research team found some surprising results. When they first started looking at the DNA, a clear pattern emerged. Neandertal individuals from Western Europe that were older than 50,000 years and individuals from sites in Western Asia and the Middle East showed a high degree of genetic¹¹ variation, on par¹² with what might be expected from a species that had been abundant in an area for a long period of time. In fact, the amount of genetic variation was similar to what characterizes modern humans as a species. In contrast, Neandertal individuals that come from Western Europe and are younger than 50,000 years show an extremely reduced amount of genetic variation, less even than the present-day population of remote Iceland.

These results suggest that western European Neandertals went through a demographic crisis, a population bottleneck¹³ that severely¹⁴ reduced their numbers, leaving Western Europe largely empty of humans for a period of time. The demographic crisis seems to coincide with a period of extreme cold in Western Europe. Subsequently, this region was repopulated by a small group of individuals from a surrounding area. The geographic¹⁵ origin of this source population is currently not clear, but it may be possible to pinpoint¹⁶ it further with more Neandertal sequences in the future.

"The fact that Neandertals in western Europe were nearly extinct, but then recovered long before they came into contact with modern humans came as a complete surprise to us," said Dalén, associate professor at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. "This indicates that the Neandertals may have been more sensitive to the dramatic climate changes that took place in the last Ice Age than was previously¹⁷ thought."

Quam concurs¹⁸ and suggests that this discovery calls for a major rethink of the idea of cold adaptation in Neandertals.