Two new studies into the "plumbing¹ systems" that lie under volcanoes could bring scientists closer to predicting large eruptions³. International teams of researchers, led by the University of Leeds, studied the location and behaviour of magma（岩浆） chambers⁵ on Earth's mid-ocean ridge⁶ system -- a vast chain of volcanoes along which Earth forms new crust.

They worked in Afar (Ethiopia) and Iceland -- the only places where mid-ocean ridges⁷ appear above sea level. Volcanic⁸ ridges (or "spreading centres") occur when tectonic plates（构造板块） "rift⁹" or pull apart. Magma (hot molten rock) injects itself into weaknesses in the brittle¹⁰（脆弱的） upper crust, erupting as lava¹¹ and forming new crust upon cooling.

Magma chambers work like plumbing systems, channelling pressurised magma through networks of underground "pipes."

The studies, published in Nature Geoscience, reveal new information about where magma is stored and how it moves through the geological plumbing network. Finding out where magma chambers lie and how they behave can help identify early warning signs of impending¹² eruptions.

Scientists used images taken by the European Space Agency satellite Envisat to measure how the ground moved before, during and after eruptions. Using this data, they built and tested computer models to find out how rifting occurs.

Data in one study showed magma chambers that fed an eruption² in November 2008 in the Afar rift of Northern Ethiopia were only about 1 km below the ground. The standard model had predicted a depth of more than 3 km.

It is highly unusual for magma chambers to lie in shallow depths on slow spreading centres such as the Afar rift, where tectonic plates pull apart at about the same speed as human fingernails grow.

Dr Carolina Pagli from the University of Leeds' School of Earth and Environment, who led the study, says: "It was a complete surprise to see that a magma chamber⁴ could exist so close to the Earth's surface in an area where the tectonic plates move apart so slowly. The results have changed the way we think about volcanoes."