In Israel's Negev Desert, a plant called sweet mignonette（木犀草） or taily weed uses a toxic¹ "mustard oil bomb" to make the spiny²（多刺的） mouse spit out the plant's seeds when eating the fruit. Thus, the plant has turned a seed-eating rodent³ into a seed spreader that helps the plant reproduce, says a new study by Utah and Israeli scientists. "It's fascinating that these little mice are doing analytical⁴ chemistry, assaying the fruit for toxic compounds" and learning not to bite into the seed, says Denise Dearing, a coauthor of the study and professor of biology at the University of Utah.

"It adds a new dimension to our understanding of the ongoing⁵ battle between plants and animals," she adds. "In this case, the plants have twisted the animals to do their bidding, to spread their progeny⁶（子孙，后裔） ."

The study was set for online publication June 14 in the journal Current Biology.

The study illustrates⁷ the first known case within a single species of what is known as the "directed deterrence⁹" hypothesis, namely, "the fruit is trying have itself eaten by the right consumer -- one that will spread its seeds," Dearing says. "The plant produces a fruit to deter⁸（制止） a class of consumers that would destroy its seeds."

The best known example before the new study involved chili¹⁰ peppers and two different classes of animals. Chili peppers deter mammals from eating their seeds because mammals can register pain from the ingredient capsaicin（辣椒素） . Birds "don't feel the heat at all," says Dearing. "They tend not to crush the seeds while they are feeding, so they are good dispersers of chili pepper seeds."

The researchers observed two other species -- another spiny mouse species and a rodent named the bushy tailed jird -- also spitting out sweet mignonette seeds while eating the fruit. They say the new study is the first to find seed-spitting in rodents¹¹, although it has been documented previously¹² in primates¹³ named long-tailed macaques（猕猴） .

Dearing visited Israel in 2010 to help with the study. She conducted the research with first author and doctoral student Michal Samuni-Blank and Professor Zeev Arad, ecologists at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa; Professor Ido Izhaki and graduate student Alon Lotan, ecologists at University of Haifa; lecturer Yoram Gerchman and technician Beny Trabelcy, biochemists at University of Haifa at Oranim; and wildlife ecology Professor William Karasov at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

The research was funded by the U.S.-Israel Bi-National Science Foundation, the Israel Science Foundation and U.S. Agency for International Development's Middle East Regional Cooperation program.