Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health have determined¹ a new mechanism² by which the mosquitoes' immune system can respond with specificity（特异性） to infections with various pathogens, including the parasite³ that causes malaria⁴ in humans, using one single gene⁵. Unlike humans and other animals, insects do not make antibodies to target specific infections. According to the Johns Hopkins researchers, mosquitoes use a mechanism known as alternative splicing⁶ to arrange different combinations of binding⁷ domains⁸, encoded by the same AgDscam gene, into protein repertoires⁹ that are specific for different invading pathogens. The researchers' findings were published October 18 in the journal Cell Host & Microbe and could lead to new ways to prevent the spread of a variety of mosquito born illnesses.

 

Mosquitoes and other insects use their primitive¹⁰ innate¹¹（先天的） immune systems to successfully fight infections with a broad spectrum¹² of viruses, bacteria, fungi¹³ and parasites¹⁴, despite the lack of antibodies that are part of the more sophisticated human immune system. The effectiveness of the human immune system is to a large degree based on the ability to produce an enormous variety of antibodies containing different immunoglobulin domains（免疫球蛋白功能区） that can specifically tag and label a pathogen for destruction. This great variety of pathogen-binding antibodies is achieved by combining different immunoglobulin gene segments and further mutate them through mechanisms¹⁵ called somatic recombination and hypermutation. While mosquitoes also have genes¹⁶ encoding immunoglobulin domains, they lack these specific mechanisms to achieve pathogen recognition diversity.

 

The Johns Hopkins researchers discovered a different way by which mosquitoes can combine immunoglobulin domains of a single gene called AgDscam (Anopheles gambiae Down Syndrome¹⁷ Cell Adhesion Molecule) to produce a variety of pathogen-binding proteins. The AgDscam gene is subjected to a mechanism called alternative splicing that combines different immunoglobulin domains into mature AgDscam proteins, depending on which pathogen has infected the mosquito. The researchers showed that this alternative splicing is guided by the immune signal transducing pathways (analogous to electrical circuits) that they previously¹⁸ demonstrated to activate¹⁹ defenses against different malaria parasites and other pathogens. While alternative splicing of the AgDscam gene does not nearly achieve the degree of pathogen recognition diversity of human antibodies, it does nevertheless vastly increase the variety of pathogen binding molecules²¹.

 

"Using antibodies to fight infection is like fishing with a harpoon²² -- it's very targeted. The mosquito's innate immune system is more like fishing with a net -- it catches a bit of everything," explained George Dimopoulos, PhD, senior investigator²³ of the study and professor with the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute. "However, we discovered that immune pathway-guided alternative splicing of the AgDscam gene renders the mosquito's immune net, so to speak, more specific than previously suspected. The mosquito's immune system can come up with approximately 32,000 AgDscam protein combinations to target infections with greater specificity."

 

Dimopoulos and his group are developing a malaria control strategy based on mosquitoes that have been genetically²⁴ modified to possess an enhanced immune defense²⁰ against the malaria parasite Plasmodium. One obstacle to this approach is the great variety of Plasmodium strains that may interact somewhat differently with the mosquito's immune system.

 

"Some of these strains may not be detected by the engineered immune system proteins that mediate²⁵ their killing²⁶. Our new discovery may provide the means to create genetically modified mosquitoes that can target a broader variety of parasite strains, like casting a net rather than shooting with a harpoon（鱼叉）," said Dimopoulos.

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