Grasshoppers² are having to change their song -- one of the iconic sounds of summer -- to make themselves heard above the din³（喧嚣） of road traffic, ecologists have discovered. The study, published in the British Ecological⁴ Society's journal Functional⁵ Ecology, is the first to show that human-made noise affects natural insect populations. Animals use sound to communicate for many reasons, including marking out territory, warning of predators⁶ and finding mates, and although previous research shows birds, whales and even frogs alter their calls in noisy environments, the impact of human-made noise on insects has been neglected until now. Ulrike Lampe and colleagues from the University of Bielefeld in Germany caught 188 male bow-winged grasshoppers (Chorthippus biguttulus), half from quiet locations and half from beside busy roads. The grasshoppers use their song -- produced by rubbing a toothed file on their hind⁷ legs against a protruding⁸（突出的） vein⁹ on their front wings -- to attract mates.

 

The team then studied the differences in the two groups' songs in the laboratory. To encourage them to sing they exposed the males to a female grasshopper¹, and then recorded their courtship songs. Analysis of almost 1,000 recordings¹⁰ revealed grasshoppers living beside noisy roads produced different songs to those living in quieter locations.

 

According to Lampe: "Bow-winged grasshoppers produce songs that include low and high frequency components¹¹. We found that grasshoppers from noisy habitats boost the volume of the lower-frequency part of their song, which makes sense since road noise can mask signals in this part of the frequency spectrum¹²."

 

The team's findings are important because traffic noise could be upsetting the grasshopper's mating system. "Increased noise levels could affect grasshopper courtship in several ways. It could prevent females from hearing male courtship songs properly, prevent females from recognising males of their own species, or impair¹³ females' ability to estimate how attractive a male is from his song," Lampe explains.

 

Having discovered that human-made noise affects insect communication, the researchers now want to learn more about how the mechanism¹⁴ works, and whether the grasshoppers adapt to noise during their development as larvae¹⁵（幼虫）, or whether males from noisy habitats produce different songs due to genetic¹⁶ differences.

 

The bow-winged grasshopper is a common species in Central Europe. Adults occur mainly between July and September, preferring dry grasslands¹⁷. Around 1.5 cm long, they vary in colour from green and browns to red and purple. The male's song consists of 2 second-long phrases that increase in amplitude¹⁸ towards the end. The beginning of a phrase is characterised by slower ticking sounds that increase in speed and amplitude, leading to a buzzing sound towards the end of the phrase. A courtship song usually includes 2 phrases.

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