Research using new technology shows that our ability to imitate facial expressions depends on learning that occurs through visual feedback. Studies of the chameleon¹（变色龙） effect confirm what salespeople², tricksters, and Lotharios have long known: Imitating another person's postures³ and expressions is an important social lubricant（润滑剂）.

 

But how do we learn to imitate with any accuracy when we can't see our own facial expressions and we can't feel the facial expressions of others?

 

Richard Cook of City University London, Alan Johnston of University College London, and Cecilia Heyes of the University of Oxford⁴ investigate possible mechanisms⁵ underlying⁶ our ability to imitate in two studies published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

 

In the first experiment, the researchers videotaped participants as they recited jokes and then asked them to imitate four randomly⁷ selected facial expressions from their videos. When they achieved what they perceived to be the target expression, the participants recorded the attempt with the click of a computer mouse.

 

A computer program evaluated the accuracy of participants' imitation attempts against a map of the target expression. In contrast to previous studies that relied on subjective⁸ assessments⁹, this new technology allowed for automated¹⁰ and objective measurement of imitative accuracy.

 

In one experiment, the researchers found that participants who were able to see their imitation attempts through visual feedback improved over successive attempts. But participants who had to rely solely¹¹ on proprioception（本体感受） -- sensing the relative position of their facial features -- got progressively worse.

 

These results are consistent with the associative（联想的） sequence-learning model, which holds that our ability to imitate accurately¹² depends on learned associations between what we see (in the mirror or through feedback from others) and what we feel.

 

Cook and colleagues conclude that contingent¹³ visual feedback may be a useful component¹⁴ of rehabilitation¹⁵ and skill-training programs that are designed to improve individuals' ability to imitate facial gestures.

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