For plants and animals forced to tough out harsh winter weather, the coverlet（被单，床罩） of snow that blankets the north country is a refuge, a stable beneath-the-snow habitat that gives essential respite¹ from biting winds and subzero temperatures. But in a warming world, winter and spring snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere is in decline, putting at risk many plants and animals that depend on the space beneath the snow to survive the blustery（大风的，狂暴的） chill of winter.

 

In a report published May 2 in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, a team of scientists from the University of Wisconsin-Madison describes the gradual decay of the Northern Hemisphere's "subnivium," the term scientists use to describe the seasonal² microenvironment beneath the snow, a habitat where life from microbes to bears take full advantage of warmer temperatures, near constant humidity and the absence of wind.

 

"Underneath³ that homogenous⁴ blanket of snow is an incredibly stable refuge where the vast majority of organisms persist through the winter," explains Jonathan Pauli, a UW-Madison professor of forest and wildlife ecology and a co-author of the new report. "The snow holds in heat radiating from the ground, plants photosynthesize, and it's a haven⁵ for insects, reptiles⁶, amphibians⁷ and many other organisms."

 

Since 1970, snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere -- the part of the world that contains the largest land masses affected⁸ by snow -- has diminished by as much as 3.2 million square kilometers during the critical spring months of March and April. Maximum snow cover has shifted from February to January and spring melt has accelerated by almost two weeks, according to Pauli and his colleagues, Benjamin Zuckerberg and Warren Porter, also of UW-Madison, and John P. Whiteman of the University of Wyoming in Laramie.

 

"The winter ecology of Wisconsin and the Upper Midwest is changing," says Zuckerberg, a UW-Madison professor of forest and wildlife ecology. "There is concern these winter ecosystems¹⁰ could change dramatically over the next several years."

 

As is true for ecosystem⁹ changes anywhere, a decaying subnivium would have far-reaching consequences. Reptiles and amphibians, which can survive being frozen solid, are put at risk when temperatures fluctuate, bringing them prematurely¹¹ out of their winter torpor¹² only to be lashed¹³ by late spring storms or big drops in temperature. Insects also undergo phases of freeze tolerance¹⁴ and the migrating birds that depend on invertebrates¹⁵（无脊椎动物） as a food staple¹⁶ may find the cupboard bare when the protective snow cover goes missing.

 

"There are thresholds beyond which some organisms just won't be able to make a living," says Pauli. "The subnivium provides a stable environment, but it is also extremely delicate. Once that snow melts, things can change radically¹⁷."

 

For example, plants exposed directly to cold temperatures and more frequent freeze-thaw cycles can suffer tissue damage both below and above ground, resulting in higher plant mortality, delayed flowering and reduced biomass. Voles and shrews, two animals that thrive in networks of tunnels in the subnivium, would experience not only a loss of their snowy refuge, but also greater metabolic¹⁸ demands to cope with more frequent and severe exposure to the elements.

 

The greatest effects on the subnivium, according to Zuckerberg, will occur on the margins¹⁹ of the Earth's terrestrial cryosphere, the parts of the world that get cold enough to support snow and ice, whether seasonally²⁰ or year-round. "The effects will be especially profound along the trailing edge of the cryosphere in regions that experience significant, but seasonal snow cover," the Wisconsin scientists assert in their report. "Decay of the subnivium will affect species differently, but be especially consequential²¹ for those that lack the plasticity to cope with the loss of the subnivium or that possess insufficient²² dispersal power to track the retreating range boundary of the subnivium."

 

As an ecological²³ niche²⁴, the subnivium has been little studied. However, as snow cover retreats in a warming world, land managers, the Wisconsin researchers argue, need to begin to pay attention to the changes and the resulting loss of habitat for a big range of plants and animals.

 

"Snow cover is becoming shorter, thinner and less predictable," says Pauli. "We're seeing a trend. The subnivium is in retreat."

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