The Amazon rain forest, popularly known as the lungs of the planet, inhales¹ carbon dioxide as it exudes² oxygen. Plants use carbon dioxide from the air to grow parts that eventually fall to the ground to decompose³ or get washed away by the region's plentiful⁴ rainfall. Until recently people believed much of the rain forest's carbon floated down the Amazon River and ended up deep in the ocean. University of Washington research showed a decade ago that rivers exhale⁵ huge amounts of carbon dioxide -- though left open the question of how that was possible, since bark and stems were thought to be too tough for river bacteria to digest.

 

A study published this week in Nature Geoscience resolves the conundrum⁶（难题，谜语）, proving that woody plant matter is almost completely digested by bacteria living in the Amazon River, and that this tough stuff plays a major part in fueling the river's breath.

 

The finding has implications for global carbon models, and for the ecology of the Amazon and the world's other rivers.

 

"People thought this was one of the components⁸ that just got dumped into the ocean," said first author Nick Ward⁹, a UW doctoral student in oceanography. "We've found that terrestrial carbon is respired and basically turned into carbon dioxide as it travels down the river."

 

Tough lignin, which helps form the main part of woody tissue, is the second most common component⁷ of terrestrial（陆生的） plants. Scientists believed that much of it got buried on the seafloor to stay there for centuries or millennia¹⁰. The new paper shows river bacteria break it down within two weeks, and that just 5 percent of the Amazon rainforest's carbon ever reaches the ocean.

 

"Rivers were once thought of as passive pipes," said co-author Jeffrey Richey, a UW professor of oceanography. "This shows they're more like metabolic¹¹ hotspots."

 

When previous research showed how much carbon dioxide was outgassing from rivers, scientists knew it didn't add up. They speculated there might be some unknown, short-lived carbon source that freshwater bacteria could turn into carbon dioxide.

 

"The fact that lignin is proving to be this metabolically¹² active is a big surprise," Richey said. "It's a mechanism¹³ for the rivers' role in the global carbon cycle -- it's the food for the river breath."

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