Ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves, not icebergs² calving into the sea, are responsible for most of the continent's ice loss, a study by UC Irvine and others has found. The first comprehensive survey of all Antarctic ice shelves discovered that basal melt, or ice dissolving from underneath³, accounted for 55 percent of shelf loss from 2003 to 2008 -- a rate much higher than previously⁴ thought. Ice shelves, floating extensions of glaciers⁵, fringe 75 percent of the vast, frozen continent.

 

The findings, to be published in the June 14 issue of Science, will help scientists improve projections⁶ of how Antarctica, which holds about 60 percent of the planet's fresh water locked in its massive ice sheet, will respond to a warming ocean and contribute to sea level rise.

 

It turns out that the tug⁷（拖拽） of seawaters just above the freezing point matters more than the breaking off of bergs.

 

"We find that iceberg¹ calving is not the dominant⁸ process of ice removal. In fact, ice shelves mostly melt from the bottom before they even form icebergs," said lead author Eric Rignot, a UC Irvine professor who's also a researcher with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena. "This has profound implications for our understanding of interactions between Antarctica and climate change. It basically puts the Southern Ocean up front as the most significant control on the evolution of the polar ice sheet."

 

Ice shelves grow through a combination of land ice flowing to the sea and snow falling on their surfaces. The researchers combined a regional snow accumulation model and a new map of Antarctica's bedrock with ice shelf thickness, elevation⁹ and velocity¹⁰ data captured by Operation IceBridge -- an ongoing¹¹ NASA aerial survey of Greenland and the South Pole. (Rignot will host a planning session of Operation IceBridge scientists at UC Irvine on June 17 and 18.)

 

Ocean melting is distributed unevenly¹² around the continent. The three giant ice shelves of Ross, Filchner and Ronne, which make up two-thirds of Antarctica's ice shelves, accounted for only 15 percent of the melting. Meanwhile, less than a dozen small ice shelves floating on relatively¹³ warm waters produced half the total meltwater during the same period.

 

The researchers also compared the rates at which the ice shelves are shedding ice with the speed at which the continent itself is losing mass and found that, on average, the shelves lost mass twice as fast as the Antarctic ice sheet did.

 

"Ice shelf melt can be compensated¹⁴ by ice flow from the continent," Rignot said. "But in a number of places around Antarctica, they are melting too fast, and as a consequence, glaciers and the entire continent are changing."

 

Other authors are Jeremie Mouginot and Bernd Scheuchl of UC Irvine and Stanley Jacobs of Columbia University. Funding was provided by NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the National Oceanic & Atmospheric¹⁵ Administration.

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