Indium tin
oxide1 (ITO) has become a standard material in light-emitting diodes, flat panel
plasma2 displays, electronic ink and other applications because of its high performance, moisture resistance, and capacity for being finely
etched(蚀刻). But indium is also rare and expensive, and it requires a
costly3 deposition4 process to make opto-electronic devices and makes for a
brittle5(脆弱的) electrode. Replacing indium as the default material in
transparent6 electrodes is a high priority for the electronics industry. Now, in a paper appearing in APL Materials, a new open-access journal produced by AIP Publishing, researchers report creating a sturdy, transparent, and indium-free electrode from silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) that could replace indium-based electrodes in some applications.
"Silver and titanium are much more abundant than indium in the earth's crust, and so we anticipate that electronic devices based on silver and titanium dioxide would be a more sustainable materials system and be manufactured at a low cost," said T.L. Alford, a professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Arizona State University who led the research.
The TiO2/Ag/TiO2 composite electrode multilayer film the researchers studied has been well characterized in the literature, but the team
optimized7 both the thickness of the silver layer and the manufacturing process so that the multilayer film has a low sheet resistance and high optical transmittance, both properties necessary for high-performance.
The researchers created films with a sheet resistance as low as one sixth of that achieved by previous studies, while maintaining approximately 90 percent optical transmittance. With the choice of an
underlying8 substrate made of polyethylene napthalate (PEN) -- a sturdy polymer used in a variety of applications from bottling carbonated
beverages9(饮料) to manufacturing flexible electronics -- the researchers added additional
durability10.
Because of a less expensive manufacturing process and the wide availability of titanium dioxide, silver and PEN, the new TiO2/Ag/TiO2 thin film could one day help make devices such as electronic displays and solar cells more
affordable11 by replacing more expensive indium-based electrodes.