A remarkable¹ new species of horned dinosaur² has been unearthed³ in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. The huge plant-eater inhabited Laramidia, a landmass formed when a shallow sea flooded the central region of North America, isolating⁴ western and eastern portions for millions of years during the Late Cretaceous Period. The newly discovered dinosaur, belonging to the same family as the famous Triceratops, was announced today in the British scientific journal, Proceedings⁵ of the Royal Society B. The study, funded in large part by the Bureau of Land Management and the National Science Foundation, was led by Scott Sampson, when he was the Chief Curator at the Natural History Museum of Utah at the University of Utah. Sampson is now the Vice⁶ President of Research and Collections at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science. Additional authors include Eric Lund (Ohio University; previously⁷ a University of Utah graduate student), Mark Loewen (Natural History Museum of Utah and Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah), Andrew Farke (Raymond Alf Museum), and Katherine Clayton (Natural History Museum of Utah).

 

Horned dinosaurs⁸, or "ceratopsids," were a group of big-bodied, four-footed herbivores（食草动物） that lived during the Late Cretaceous Period. As epitomized（摘要，概括） by Triceratops, most members of this group have huge skulls⁹ bearing a single horn over the nose, one horn over each eye, and an elongate¹⁰, bony frill at the rear. The newly discovered species, Nasutoceratops titusi, possesses several unique features, including an oversized nose relative to other members of the family, and exceptionally long, curving, forward-oriented horns over the eyes. The bony frill, rather than possessing elaborate ornamentations such as hooks or spikes¹¹, is relatively¹² unadorned, with a simple, scalloped margin¹³. Nasutoceratops translates as "big-nose horned face," and the second part of the name honors Alan Titus, Monument Paleontologist at Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, for his years of research collaboration¹⁴.

 

For reasons that have remained obscure, all ceratopsids have greatly enlarged nose regions at the front of the face. Nasutoceratops stands out from its relatives, however, in taking this nose expansion to an even greater extreme. Scott Sampson, the study's lead author, stated, "The jumbo-sized schnoz of Nasutoceratops likely had nothing to do with a heightened sense of smell -- since olfactory¹⁵（嗅觉的） receptors occur further back in the head, adjacent to the brain -- and the function of this bizarre feature remains¹⁶ uncertain."

 

Paleontologists have long speculated about the function of horns and frills on horned dinosaurs. Ideas have ranged from predator¹⁷ defense¹⁸ and controlling body temperature to recognizing members of the same species. Yet the dominant¹⁹ hypothesis today focuses on competing for mates -- that is, intimidating²⁰ members of the same sex and attracting members of the opposite sex. Peacock tails and deer antlers are modern examples. In keeping with this view, Mark Loewen, a co-author of the study claimed that, "The amazing horns of Nasutoceratops were most likely used as visual signals of dominance and, when that wasn't enough, as weapons for combatting rivals."

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