Rensselaer Polytechnic¹ Institute researchers have identified the mechanism² behind a plague（瘟疫，灾祸） of LED light bulbs: a flaw called "efficiency droop³" that causes LEDs to lose up to 20 percent of their efficiency as they are subjected to greater electrical currents. Efficiency droop, first reported in 1999, has been a key obstacle in the development of LED lighting⁴ for situations, like household lighting, that call for economical sources of versatile⁵（通用的） and bright light. In a paper recently published in Applied⁶ Physics Letters, the researchers identify a phenomena⁷ known as "electron leakage⁸" as the culprit. The research offers the first comprehensive model for the mechanism behind efficiency droop, and may lead to new technologies to solve the problem, said E. Fred Schubert, the Wellfleet Senior Constellation⁹ Professor of Future Chips at Rensselaer, founding director of the university's National Science Foundation-funded Smart Lighting Engineering Research Center, and senior author on the study.

 

"In the past, researchers and LED manufacturers have made progress in reducing efficiency droop, but some of the progress was made without understanding what causes the droop," said Schubert. "I think now we have a better understanding of what causes the droop and this opens up specific strategies to address it."

 

Light-emitting diodes take advantage of the fact that high-energy electrons emit photons, i.e. particles of light, as they move from a higher to a lower energy level. The light-emitting diode is constructed of three sections: an "n-type" section of crystal that is loaded with negatively charged electrons; a p-type section of crystal that contains many positively¹⁰ charged "holes;" and a section in between the two called the "quantum well" or "active region."

 

David Meyaard, first author on the study and a doctoral student in electrical engineering, explains that electrons are injected into the active region from the n-type material as holes are injected into the active region from the p-type material. The electrons and holes move in opposite directions and, if they meet in the active region, they recombine, at which point the electron moves to a lower state of energy and emits a photon of light. Unfortunately, researchers have noticed that as more current is applied, LEDs lose efficiency, producing proportionally less light as the current is increased.

 

Meyaard said the team's research shows that, under the "high current regime," an electric field develops within the p-type region of the diode, allowing electrons to escape the active region where they would otherwise recombine with holes and emit photons of light. This phenomenon, known as "electron leakage," was first proposed more than five years ago, but Meyaard said the team's research is the first incontrovertible evidence that it is the cause behind efficiency droop. Meyaard said the team identified the electric field as it began to build up, and showed that, after a sufficiently¹¹ strong field is built up, the electrons escape out of the active region.

 

"We measure excellent correlation¹² between the onset¹³ of field-buildup and the onset of droop," said Meyaard. "This is clear evidence that the mechanism is electron leakage, and we can describe it quantitatively¹⁴. For example, in one key result reported in the paper, we show the onset of high injection and the onset of droop and you can see that they are very nicely correlated. And that was just not possible in the past because there was really no theoretical model that described how electron leakage really works."

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