The painful, potentially deadly stings of bark scorpions² are nothing more than a slight nuisance（损害） to grasshopper³ mice, which voraciously⁴（狼吞虎咽地） kill and consume their prey⁵ with ease. When stung, the mice briefly⁶ lick their paws and move in again for the kill. The grasshopper mice are essentially⁷ numb⁸ to the pain, scientists have found, because the scorpion¹ toxin⁹ acts as an analgesic¹⁰（止痛剂） rather than a pain stimulant¹¹.

 

The scientists published their research this week in Science.

 

Ashlee Rowe, lead author of the paper, previously¹² discovered that grasshopper mice, which are native to the southwestern United States, are generally resistant¹³ to the bark scorpion toxin, which can kill other animals.

 

It is still unknown why the toxin is not lethal¹⁴ to the mice.

 

"This venom¹⁵ kills other mammals of similar size," said Rowe, Michigan State University assistant professor of neuroscience and zoology¹⁶. "The grasshopper mouse has developed the evolutionary¹⁷ equivalent of martial¹⁸ arts to use the scorpions' greatest strength against them."

 

Rowe, who conducted the research while at The University of Texas at Austin, and her colleagues ventured into the desert and collected scorpions and mice for their experiments.

 

To test whether the grasshopper mice felt pain from the toxin, the scientists injected small amounts of scorpion venom or nontoxic saline（盐的） solution in the mice's paws. Surprisingly, the mice licked their paws (a typical toxin response) much less when injected with the scorpion toxin than when injected with a nontoxic saline solution.

 

"This seemed completely ridiculous," said Harold Zakon, professor of neuroscience at The University of Texas at Austin. "One would think that the venom would at least cause a little more pain than the saline solution. This would mean that perhaps the toxin plays a role as an analgesic. This seemed very far out, but we wanted to test it anyway."

 

Rowe and Zakon discovered that the bark scorpion toxin acts as an analgesic by binding²⁰ to sodium²¹ channels in the mouse pain neurons, and this blocks the neuron from firing a pain signal to the brain.

 

Pain neurons have a couple of different sodium channels, called 1.7 and 1.8, and research has shown that when toxins²² bind¹⁹ to 1.7 channels, the channels open, sodium flows in and the pain neuron fires.

 

By sequencing the genes²³ for both the 1.7 and 1.8 sodium channels, the scientists discovered that channel 1.8 in the grasshopper mice has amino acids different from mammals that are sensitive to bark scorpion stings, such as house mice, rats and humans. They then found that the scorpion toxin binds²⁴ to one of these amino acids to block the activation²⁵ of channel 1.8 and thus inhibit²⁶ the pain response.

 

"Incredibly, there is one amino acid substitution that can totally alter the behavior of the toxin and block the channel," said Zakon.

 

The riddle²⁷ hasn't been completely solved just yet, though, Rowe said.

 

"We know the region of the channel where this is taking place and the amino acids involved," she said. "But there's something else that's playing a role, and that's what I'm focusing on next."

 

Some resistance to prey toxins in mammals has been found in other species. The mongoose, for example, is resistant to the cobra（眼镜蛇）. And naked mole²⁸ rats' eyes do not burn in pain when carbon dioxide builds up in their underground tunnels.

 

This study, however, is the first to find that an amino acid substitution in sodium channel 1.8 can have an analgesic effect.

 

Rowe said studies such as this could someday help researchers target these sodium channels for the development of analgesic medications for humans.

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