Researchers from Nanjing Normal University and BGI report their original genomic research on Baiji, also known as Yangtze River dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer). The study gives new insight into the genetic¹ and evolutionary² adaptations of Dolphin, and provides valuable resources for the conservation of mammals and cetaceans（鲸目动物） in particular. The latest study was published online in the journal Nature Communications. Nicknamed "Goddess of the Yangtze," the baiji was regarded as the goddess of protection by local fishermen and boatmen in China. Unfortunately, this species has suffered huge losses in recent decades largely due to the extreme pressures brought by human's activities. The baiji has become one of the most famous species in aquatic³（水生的） conservation. There have been many great efforts made to conserve⁴ the baiji, but most of them failed.

 

In this study, researchers presented a high-quality draft genome and three re-sequenced genomes of the baiji using next-gen sequencing technology. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that cetaceans (baiji and the bottlenose dolphin) have a slower molecular⁵ clock than previous thought.

 

The further analysis reveals that the genes⁶ involved in oxidoreductase activity, ferric iron binding⁷, metabolic⁸ processes and ATPase activity show significant expansion, whereas the genes involved in olfactory⁹ receptor activity decreased most significantly. Researchers suggested that these changes of genes maybe related with the baiqi's basic physiological¹⁰ activities required for underwater living, such as oxygen carrying and sensing.

 

Researchers found there were many factors related with the aquatic adaptations of cetaceans, such as positively¹¹ selected genes (PSGs), and some functional¹² changes. One of the noticeable findings is that PSGs in the baiji lineage were also involved in DNA¹³ repair and response to DNA damage stimulus¹⁴, which have not been reported in previous studies of mammals or dolphin.

 

The independent origin of echolocation in toothed whales and echolocating bats is a classic model of convergent¹⁵ evolution. When identifying genes exhibiting convergent evolution in the baiji and bat, researchers found nine genes (including SLC26A5, TMC1, and DFNB59) have evolved under significant accelerated evolution, and 17 genes contained parallel amino acid changes in echolocating mammals.

 

Compared to all other mammalian genomes reported so far, researchers also found a significantly lower number of heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the baiji. The reconstruction¹⁶ of the demographic history of the baiji indicated that a bottleneck¹⁷ occurred near the end of the last deglaciation（冰川的消失）, a time coinciding with a rapid decrease in temperature and the rise of eustatic（海面升降的） sea level.

 

Fengming Sun, project manager from BGI, said, "We not only found some special evolutionary characterics of baiji, but also found that the functionally¹⁸ extinct of this species was mainly due to human activities. The high-quality draft genome of baiji will provide a valuable resource for researchers to uncover the genetic mechanisms¹⁹ underlying²⁰ extinct species, and will make a great contribution to the protection of endangered species."

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