Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory researchers have combined ultrafast time-resolved experimental measurements with theory to reveal how an explosive responds to a high-impact shock. The work involved advances in both ultrafast experimental shock wave methods and molecular¹ dynamics² (MD) simulation techniques, and the combination of experiment and simulation is a milestone³ in understanding chemical initiation⁴ and detonation⁵（爆炸）.

 

When an energetic material is hit hard and fast enough it will explode. What occurs between the moment of initial impact and the time the explosion occurs continues to be a highly studied topic.

 

"Hydrogen peroxide, composed of one oxygen-oxygen bond and two oxygen-hydrogen bonds within a hydrogen bonding network afforded us the opportunity to study a very complex process using a relatively⁶ simple molecular liquid," said project leader Sorin Bastea. "We also knew that the final reaction products would be simple too: They are just oxygen and water."

 

The Livermore team demonstrated that 50 trillionths of a second (50 picoseconds) after the peroxide（过氧化氢） was shocked it begins to tear apart. The chemical bonds were completely broken by 100 picoseconds. The temperature increased by more than 1,500 degrees and the explosive pressure wave spiked⁷ to more than 200,000 atmospheres.

 

"What is unique about this research effort is that we have ultrafast time-resolved experimental data that corroborate⁸ our theoretical predictions on the exact same timescale," said Nir Goldman who, along with Will Kuo, led the simulation efforts.

 

The experiment, led by Mike Armstrong and Joe Zaug, used a very short burst of laser energy to blast into a 0.001 millimeter-thick aluminum⁹ film that was in contact with the peroxide. They measured the shockwave speed as it traveled through the fluid using a technique called optical interferometry（干涉量度法）.

 

"At the initiation threshold, we were able to directly observe a significant jump in the shock velocity¹⁰, indicating that we had mechanically initiated¹¹ chemical reactions in the sample," Armstrong said.

 

With the help of additional high-pressure sound-speed measurements made by Zaug and Jonathan Crowhurst, Bastea was able to further calculate the amount of chemical reaction observed in the team's ultrafast shock experiments to be approximately 50 percent. Bastea emphasized that the collaboration¹² between experimentalists and theorists was key to enabling a more comprehensive understanding of shock-induced chemical initiation.

 

"This is a step forward where eventually we can have a better understanding of how to control the delivery of chemical energy for a variety of energetic materials applications," Bastea said.

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