Mutations within the gene¹ FTO have been implicated² as the strongest genetic³ determinant（遗传定子） of obesity⁴ risk in humans, but the mechanism⁵ behind this link remained unknown. Now, an international team of scientists has discovered that the obesity-associated elements within FTO interact with IRX3, a distant gene on the genome that appears to be the functional⁶ obesity gene. The FTO gene itself appears to have only a peripheral⁷（外围的，次要的） effect on obesity. The study appears online March 12 in Nature.

 

"Our data strongly suggest that IRX3 controls body mass and regulates body composition," said senior study author Marcelo Nobrega, PhD, associate professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago. "Any association between FTO and obesity appears due to the influence of IRX3."

 

Mutations to introns (noncoding portions) of the gene FTO have been widely investigated after genome-wide association studies revealed a strong link between FTO and obesity and diabetes⁸. Yet overexpressing or deleting FTO in animal models affects whole body mass and composition, not just fat, and experiments have failed to show that these obesity-linked introns affect the function of the FTO gene itself.

 

Hoping to explain these observations, Nobrega and his team mapped the behavior of promoters -- regions of DNA⁹ that activate¹⁰ gene expression -- located within one million base pairs on either side of the FTO gene. In adult mice brains, where FTO was thought to affect metabolic¹¹ function, they discovered that the promoter that turns on FTO did not interact with obesity-associated FTO introns.

 

"Instead, we found that the promoter for IRX3, a gene several hundred thousand base pairs away, did interact with these introns, as well as a large number of other elements across the vast genetic distance we studied," said co-author Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta, PhD, a geneticist at the Andalusian Center of Developmental Biology in Sevilla, Spain. The researchers found a similar pattern of interactions in humans after analyzing¹² data from the ENCODE project, which they confirmed with experiments on human cells.

 

Using data from 153 brain samples from individuals of European ancestry¹³, they discovered that the mutations to FTO introns that affected¹⁴ body weight are associated with IRX3 expression, but not FTO. Obesity-related FTO introns enhanced the expression of IRX3, functioning as regulatory elements. The FTO gene itself did not appear to play a role in this interaction.

 

"Regulatory elements are switches that turn genes¹⁵ on and off. What we've found is that the switches that control IRX3 are far away from the gene and actually inside the FTO gene," says Nobrega.

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