The first comprehensive map of hummingbirds²' 22-million-year-old family tree -- reconstructed based on careful analysis of 284 of the world's 338 known species -- tells a story of rapid and ongoing³ diversification⁴. The decade-long study reported in the Cell Press journal Current Biology on April 3 also helps to explain how today's hummingbirds came to live where they do. Part of the secret to the birds' remarkable⁵ success lies in the formation of nine principal groups or clades（分化枝）, hummingbirds' unique relationship to flowering plants, and the birds' continued spread into new geographic⁶ areas, the researchers say.

 

"Hummingbirds have essentially⁷ been reinventing themselves throughout their 22-million-year history," says Jim McGuire of the University of California, Berkeley.

 

While all hummingbirds depend on flower nectar（花蜜） to fuel their high metabolisms⁸ and hovering⁹ flight, coordinated¹⁰ changes in flower and bill shape have helped to drive the formation of new species of both hummingbirds and plants. Remarkably¹¹, as many as 25 hummingbird¹ species are able to coexist in some places.

 

"One of the really cool features of hummingbird evolution is that they all eat the same thing yet have diversified¹² dramatically," McGuire says. "It really is a big surprise that hummingbirds have divided the nectarivore niche¹³ so extensively."

 

The new, time-calibrated evolutionary¹⁴ tree shows that ancestral hummingbirds split from the swifts and treeswifts about 42 million years ago, probably in Eurasia. By about 22 million years ago, the ancestral species of all modern hummingbirds had made its way to South America, and that's when things really took off.

 

The Andes Mountains are a particular hotspot for hummingbird evolution, because diversification occurred along with the uplift of those peaks over the past 10 million years. About 140 hummingbird species live in the Andes today.

 

The availability of new land areas in North America and the Caribbean has also played an important role in the evolution of new hummingbird species. For example, McGuire says, the bee hummingbirds colonized¹⁵ North America about 5 million years ago and consequently experienced rates of speciation that rival textbook examples of adaptive radiation.

 

The new picture of the birds' past is an important step toward understanding how they have adapted to novel environments, like those found at low-oxygen, high-altitude mountain peaks. It also points to an exciting future.

 

"Our findings strongly indicate that hummingbirds remain engaged in a dynamic diversification process, filling available ecological¹⁶ and spatial¹⁷ niches¹⁸ across North America, South America, and the Caribbean," the researchers write. "Thus, the dramatic radiation of this unique avian lineage is far from complete."

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