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过去完成时概念 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即所谓“过去的过去”。 过去完成时的基本用法 1、表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如: By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 2、表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。 例如: I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候,我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 3、叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。 例如: Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs1, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。 4、在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 例如: I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。 5、过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 例如: He said that he had known2 her well. 他说他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 6、在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中,如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的,那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。 例如: When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如: After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后,努力提高他的英语水平。 7、动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend3等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。 例如: They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。 8、过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。 例如: Hardly had he began to speak when the audience4 interrupted5 him. 他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。 过去完成时与一般过去时的比较 1. 当一个由before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接着发生时,两个动作均可用一般过去时来表示。 We had breakfast after we did morning exercises. 做完早操后,我们吃早饭。 The train started to move just before he reached the platform6. 他到月台时火车刚开走。 They started ploughing7 as soon as they got to the fields. 他们一到地里就开始耕地。 2. 按时间顺序叙述两个或两个以上接连发生的动作时,用一般过去时。 He entered the room, turned on the light and sat down at the table. 他走进屋子,打开灯,坐在桌子旁。 3. 在表示某人过去未曾完成的“心愿”、“打算”、“计划”、“想法”、“许诺等时,hope, mean, plan, think, intend等谓语动词常用过去完成时。 I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn’t catch the train. 我本来希望昨晚回来的,但没搭上火车。 We had thought to return early but they wouldn’t let us go. 我们本想早回来的,但他们不让我们走。 4.在表示过去的句子中出现常与完成时态连用的词,如:already,yet,since,for,ever,never及次数名词等时,常用过去完成时来表示。 When we got there the basketball match had already started. 我们到那里时,篮球赛已经开始了。 The old man said that he wanted to go where he had never been. 老人说他想到他从未去过的地方去。 5.如果句中出现了表示具体的过去时间的状语,句子的内容为过去的实际情况或句子的内容为历史事实时,句中的动词时态常用一般过去时。 如: The teacher said that it was Columbus who first discovered the American continent8. 老师说是哥伦布最早发现了美洲大陆。 6.表述说话人始料未及的事情时,句子的谓语动词常用一般过去时。由于受汉语表述习惯的影响,常会用错时态。 Jack9, you are also here! I didn’t see you. 杰克,你也在这啊!我没有看见你。 点击收听单词发音
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