大卫·布鲁克斯芝加哥大学毕业典礼演讲：不要成为“焦虑的佼佼者_英语演讲

大卫·布鲁克斯芝加哥大学毕业典礼演讲：不要成为“焦虑的佼佼者

文章来源：未知文章作者：enread 发布时间：2020-04-01 05:49 字体： [大中小]　进入论坛

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大卫·布鲁克斯芝加哥大学毕业典礼演讲：不要成为“焦虑的佼佼者”！

一

I was so honored to be invited to be the inaugural¹ Class Day Speaker. But obviously since I’m a graduate of the University of Chicago, I couldn’t just accept the invitation I had to overanalyze it.

很荣幸能受邀来开放日作毕业典礼演讲。但我是芝加哥大学毕业的，我不能简单地接受邀请，我还要过度分析一下这次邀请。

My first thought was that since this is Chicago it couldn’t just be class day; maybe it was class conflict day with special appearances by Marx and Engels and Race, Class and Gender² day with Betty Friedan T-Shirts.

我首先想到的是，既然这是芝大，所以这肯定不是简单的开放日；也许这应该是阶级斗争开放日，有打扮成马克思和恩格斯的人出没，或者有穿着贝蒂·弗里德曼的T-恤，庆祝种族、阶级、性别自由的学生。

Then I began wondering why the University of Chicago class is asking me of all people to be a speaker at this big event. I remembered the major addresses of my own time here and how intellectually rigorous they were.

然后我又开始想，为什么芝大偏偏请我来这个重要的场合当致辞嘉宾。我还记得我上学那时候的致辞嘉宾，他们个个严谨治学、富有洞见。

I remembered that Freshman³ year a noted⁴ philosopher gave an uplifting Aims of Education Address called “Death, Despair, Desolation and the Futility⁵ of Human Existence.”

我记得新生入学年，一位有名的哲学家发表了振奋人心的《教育宗旨》演讲，题为：“死亡、绝望、孤独以及人类存在的虚无”。

Then senior year at commencement our speaker was a noted biologist. I found myself tremendously inspired by his uplifting talk, “The Sixteen Qualities of Nucleic Acid.”

然后到了高年级的毕业典礼上，致辞嘉宾是位知名的生物学家。我发觉自己被他激情四射的演讲深深打动：《核酸的十六个特性》。

Eventually I realized that I am being invited because Chicago is trying to be like a normal school with a celebrity⁶ commencement speaker. But of course they couldn’t go for a big time celebrity right off the bat. Chicago is a place where you lose your virginity slowly.

最终我意识到，我之所以受邀，是因为芝大想努力地表现出，它是所“正常”的学校，有名人来做毕业典礼致辞嘉宾。当然，校方不能一下子就请一个大牌的明星。毕竟，在芝加哥就连失去自己的第一次都要很晚才实现。

For the first class day speaker, they wanted someone on TV, but only on PBS. Then, after everybody is acclimated⁷ to the outside speaker thing, they could go ahead and invite someone big.

因此，选开放日致辞嘉宾时，他们希望是在电视能看到的人，但是仅限PBS电台。当所有人都习惯了致辞嘉宾来自外界时，校方就可以请点大人物了。

That’s when the truth came to me. I am University of Chicago’s gateway⁸ drug to Stephen Colbert. You, the class of 2017 will have to suffer through me so that future classes can enjoy Matt Damon. That’s what I call living for something larger than self.

我就是这么领悟到了玄机。我呢，是芝大请来的“入门级”的扣扣熊（注：美国知名脱口秀主持人Stephen Colbert，被粉丝称为扣叔，扣扣熊等，以毒辣幽默的评论而为人称道。诱导性毒品可以是酒精、大麻等等，被认为是毒品的入门级。）。你们2017级的新生呢，要先过我这一关，然后才能在将来享受马特·达蒙（注：美国著名演员，代表组作《谍影重重》、《拯救大兵瑞恩》、《火星救援》等）。我管这叫做为了更大的目标而活着。

When I realized what was going on, I confess I was tempted⁹ to do what you millennials are always doing. I decided¹⁰ I would feel triggered and unsafe and lead a campaign to get myself disinvited. All the historical traumas¹¹ of being a lower-middle range celebrity came down on me and I retreated to my safe space, which is under the bar at Jimmy’s.

当我意识到我为什么受邀时，我其实差点儿没忍住做了你们千禧年一代爱做的事。我得觉得自己受到高能预警，没有安全感，要发起一场运动，抵制这次自己的受邀。之前作为一名中低端名人的种种伤痛记忆都向我袭来，我退回了自己的安全区，就是吉米酒吧那里。（注：千禧年一代指在1981-2000年出生的人）

But since none of you did your generational duty and got me blocked from this gig, I’ve decided to go ahead.

但既然你们没有履行你们这一代的义务，像之前那样抵制致辞嘉宾，我决定继续说下去。

Since Chicago is new to this game I should note that there are certain traditions involved in these kinds of occasions.

既然芝加哥大学对于“正常”的毕业致辞还不熟悉，我需要指出在这种场合下一般有的传统元素。

At occasions like this major universities ask a person who has achieved a fantastic career success to give you a speech telling you that career success is not important.

像今天这个场合，知名大学会请一位功成名就知名人士来给你们致辞，告诉你们，成功并不重要。

At occasions like this major universities often ask billionaires to give speeches telling you how much you can learn from failure. From this you can take away the lesson that failure seems really great if you happen to be Steve Jobs or J.K. Rowling.

像今天这样，知名大学常常会邀请亿万富翁来致辞，告诉你们能从失败中学到什么。从这种讲话中将领略到失败是多么了不起的事情，当然，你得恰好是乔布斯或者J.K.罗琳才行。

Then we speakers are supposed to give you a few minutes of completely garbage advice: Listen to your inner voice. Be true to yourself. Follow your passion. Your future is limitless.

然后我们这种嘉宾就该有模有样得给你们一些烂大街的建议：遵从你的心声呀，做真实的自己呀。追逐自己的激情呀，你的未来无限可能呀之类的。

First, my generation gives you a mountain of debt; then we give you career-derailing guidelines that will prevent you from ever paying it off.

事实上，我们这一代人让你欠下一屁股债（即美国国债），然后给你一些绝对会搞砸事业的建议，让你以后连债务都还不清。

That’s why when I’m asked to speak at these things I always try to tell graduates is that since you haven’t graduated from college before you may not know the etiquette¹². When you get your degree, it’s always nice to tip President Zimmer 10 or 20 bucks¹³ just to show he did a good job. It’s also nice to slip the class day speaker a few bills—maybe two or three thousand. Five thousand for the economy majors.

正因如此，轮到我讲这些的时候，我总是试着向毕业生传达，由于你们之前没有经历过大学毕业这事，可能就不知道这里面的套路。当你接过毕业证书时，最好打赏校长齐默10到20美元，等于是为他的工作点个赞。当然最好也能给开放日致辞嘉宾塞些钱——塞个两三千美元什么的。经济系的就给五千吧。

On these occasions I also always try to inspire students by telling them about the glittering possibilities in front of them. Within just a few short years many you will be sleeping on your parent’s couches while working for a completely dysfunctional NGO. Others of you will have soul crushing jobs as corporate¹⁴ consultants¹⁵, working on power points presentations past midnight at the Topeka Comfort Inn.

在这种场合，我通常会试着鼓励一下学子，告诉他们未来一些闪光般的机遇。过不了几年，你们中就会有不少人躺在父母的沙发上呼呼大睡，平时也就是去些办不下去的非政府组织里打打酱油。还有一些会被企业咨询一类的工作磨掉心智，天天为了 PPT 在 Topeka Comfort Inn熬到半夜。（注：Topeka Comfort Inn是那种几十美金一晚的廉价旅店，名字里面带“舒适”，略讽刺）

I’m here to help you navigate¹⁶ these exciting possibilities. I’m here to help you take advantage of the skills you learned at the University of Chicago. You learned how to dominate classroom discussion after having done none of the reading. You learned how to stare at professors with looks of complete rapt attention even though secretly you were completely asleep.

我今天来就是给你们说说该怎么应对这类鸡冻人心的未来。我过来是帮你利用好在芝大学到的技能。你学会了在不做任何阅读的情况下，依然在课堂讨论中称霸一方。你学会了假装全神贯注地盯着台上的教授，实际上你早已昏昏欲睡。

I’m here to urge (you to) lives of public service, working on Capitol Hill for congressmen, while bringing the nation’s top leaders coffee and sexual tension. I’m here to urge you to serve the world’s poorest people in ways that will look really good on your resume, like organizing an anti-malarial bed net drives while rocking Jimmy Choos at Goldman Sachs. I’m here because, as someone who now teachers at Yale, you should have some sense of what it would have been like if you’d been accepted there.

你们要尽早从政为民，去国会山给众议员工作，给政界高层人物端个咖啡、带来性焦虑。（注：讽刺办公室性骚扰以及指控性骚扰带来的冲突）去帮助那些穷困潦倒之人，让自己的简历看起来漂亮。比如组织个反疟疾蚊帐推广运动什么的，同时自己拎着吉米·周的包包在高盛晃悠。我今天来是因为，由于我现在在耶鲁教书，所以你应该能大概知道如果你去那儿的话，你感受到的氛围是怎样的。

But ultimately, I’m not here to give you some standard speech. This is Chicago. This is the only time in my life that I will get to address the graduating class at my own school, at the place that formed me down to my bones.

但话说回来，我来这儿不是为了熬一锅程式化的鸡汤。这里是芝加哥。这是我人生中唯一一次能给我的母校毕业生致辞的机会。芝大给我打上了深深的烙印。

I confess I didn’t enjoy every day I spent here. I majored in History and Celibacy¹⁷. I learned how to walk through campus while awkwardly averting¹⁸ my eyes from anybody I might know. But like all of you, I was changed fundamentally in this place.

说实话，我当时并非每天都很开心。我主修历史也主修禁欲。我学会了如何在穿过校园的同时又假装没看到任何一个我可能认识的人。但和你们一样，芝大彻底改变了我。

The older I get the more I become aware of how it shaped me. I’m 34 years out of college and I feel more influenced by the University of Chicago today than I did on the day I graduated.

随着年岁的增长，我越发体会到芝大对我的影响。我毕业都34年了，可我感觉如今芝大对我的影响甚至比我毕业时还明显。

So today I’d really like to talk to you about two things: The things Chicago gave me, which I’ve carried through life, and the things Chicago failed to give me, which I had to learn on my own.

所以今天我想给你们讲两点：芝大教给我让我受用至今的东西，以及它没有教给我从而我必须自己学习的东西。

二

When I think back on my time here I remember certain moments of great intensity¹⁹. There was one very odd moment during my first year when I was reading a book called The Death of Tragedy by Nietzsche in a carol on the A level of the Regenstein.

回想我在芝大念书的时候，我记得有那么几次，我受到了头晕目眩的冲击。我大一时有一次就很奇怪，我在读一本书，书名是《悲剧的死亡》，尼采写的，在芝大雷根斯坦图书馆A层。

I don’t know what it was: the driving semi insane power of Nietzsche thought, the overwrought and intoxicating²⁰ nature of his prose, but somehow while reading that book reality seemed to slip its bounds. I lost all sense of where I was or who I was or how time was passing or whether it was passing at all. Hours flew by and I was just buried inside that book.

我也说不上怎么回事。尼采思想的那种近乎癫狂的驱动力，还有他那仿佛魔力一般能引起情绪起伏的散文。总之，读那本书的时候，虚实之间的界限模糊了。我全然分不清我在哪儿，我是谁，感受不到时间的流逝，觉得时间完全静止。几个小时过去了，我仿佛钻到那本书里。

I was not so much reading it; I was immersed in the torrent²¹ of its prose and the fury of its ideas. I was just a sort of dissolved, lifted out of myself, transported, subsumed, and some sort of trance or a state of awed²² reverence²³ or under a spell cast by a semi crazy long dead mind.

我感觉自己不是在读它，而是被裹在那散文的激流中，猛烈的思想冲刷着我。感觉自己仿佛在溶解，灵魂出了窍，前往别处，被吸收了。朦朦胧胧的，敬仰之情油然而生，好似被一位早就死了的半疯之人施了魔咒。

There I was in a shabby carol on the basement level of the ugliest building on God’s green earth, and I was experiencing something close to transcendence. And when I awoke from that state I looked around startled and blinking, shocked to be re-entering the 20th century, and real life.

当时在地下室，在那栋世界上最丑的楼里，我体验了一把超验的感觉。当我回过神的时候，我懵懵地看着四周，挤弄着眼睛，不敢相信自己还能回到20世纪，回到现实。

I never really became a Neitzsche fan, but it was exciting to know that the ideas of some dead genius, could transport me and give me a glimmer²⁴ of a higher realm. There were other intensities²⁵ during my time here. There was intense arguing with all my friends about bullshitty subjects at the dining hall hour upon hour. There were intense pseudointellectual debates with graduate students at Jimmys; There was the intensity of serious movie going at Doc Films; and most of all there was a certain intensity in class.

我从未成为尼采真正的粉丝，但振奋人心的是，我知道这些逝去的天才依然能带我一把，去领略一下那更高的殿堂。我在芝大还体会过其他张力十足的时刻。我和朋友们激烈地争论过一些乱七八糟的话题，在食堂里唧唧呱呱几个小时。我和毕业生们装作知识分子一样在吉米酒吧那里争论过。这种时刻还出现在Doc 影院放映着严肃电影时。当然，最激烈的还得算在课堂上。

In those days it was pure Great Books for the first two years, and our professors didn’t just teach them, they proselytized²⁶ them. Some of the old German refugees from World War II were still around then, and they held the belief, with a religious fervor²⁷, that the magic keys to the kingdom were in these books. The mysteries of life and how to live well were there for the seizing for those who read well and thought deeply.

那时候，头两年都是存粹地读一些伟大的书籍。而我们的那些教授们不仅仅是教这些书，而是在试图让学生皈依。老师中有一些德国的难民，二战中幸存后依然活着，他们怀着宗教般的热烈，相信通往极乐世界的魔法钥匙就在这些书中。生命的神秘以及美好生活的神性，就在这些书里，等着那些热爱阅读、思考深邃的人来发现。

There was a legendary²⁸ professor named Karl Weintraub teaching Western Civ then. Years later, when he was nearing death he wrote to my classmate Carol Quillen about his experience teaching these books.

当时有位堪称传奇的教授，叫卡尔·温特莱布（注：美国历史学家，自1954年起在芝大任教，同时指导社会理论、文化历史等人文学科方面的研究）教西方文明史。好多年后，他快去世之前，写信给我的同学卡罗·奎林，讲述他教这些书的体验：

Teaching Western Civ, Weintraub wrote, “seems to confront me all too often with moments when I feel like screaming suddenly: ‘Oh, God, my dear student, why CANNOT you see that this matter is a real, real matter, often a matter of the very being, for the person, for the historical men and women you are looking at — or are supposed to be looking at!”

温特莱布写道：“教授西方文明史似乎经常把我推到想要尖叫的地步：”噢，天哪，这位同学，你怎么就不明白，这个问题真的，真的很重要，事关一个人之所是，这些你正在学习的历史人物，或者说你应该要去学习的历史人物。

I hear the student’s answers and statements that sound like mere²⁹ words, mere verbal formulations to me, but that do not have the sense of pain or joy or accomplishment³⁰ or worry about them that they ought to have if they were TRULY informed by the live problems and situations of the human beings back there for whom these matters were real.

我所听到的学生们的答案也好，陈述也好，只是纯粹的词句、空有语言的架子。没有他们该有的心痛、喜悦、成就感和担忧，如果他们打心底意识到这些人类所面对过的问题和境遇如何与生死休戚相关的话，就能真切地感受当时这些问题的重要。

The way these disembodied words come forth³¹ can make me cry, and the failure of the speaker to probe for the open wounds and such behind the text makes me increasingly furious. “If I do not come to feel any of the love which Pericles feels for his city, how can I understand the Funeral Oration³²? If I cannot fathom³³ anything of the power of the drive derived³⁴ from thinking that he has a special mission, what can I understand of Socrates? ...

这些学生们抽象的讨论，常常催我泪下。而谈论它的人要是没能去探寻这些历史伤痕以及文字背后之事的话，就会让我非常愤怒。”如果我未能体会到伯利克利（注：雅典黄金时期（希波战争至伯罗奔尼撒战争）具有重要影响的领导人。他在希波战争后的废墟中重建雅典，扶植文化艺术，现存的很多古希腊建筑都是在他的时代所建）对他所在之城的爱，我又怎能理解那篇《葬礼演说辞》？如果我没有去探究苏格拉底坚信自己身负特殊使命的精神之源，我又如何理解他呢？

How can one grasp anything about the problem of the Galatian community without sensing in one’s bones the problem of worrying about God’s acceptance? “Sometimes when I have spent an hour or more, pouring all my enthusiasm and sensitivities into an effort to tell these stories in the fullness in which I see and experience them, I feel drained and exhausted³⁵. I think it works on the student, but I do not really know.”

如果一个人压根不担心上帝接不接受你这一问题，又怎么能理解加拉太人面临的处境呢？有时候，我花上一个多小时，拿出我全部的热情和细腻向学生全面地讲述我所体会到的一切，我感到自己被抽空了，精疲力竭。我觉得这对学生有用，但我并不确定。

It is a tragedy of teaching that sometimes the professors pour more into the class than the students are able to receive. But in truth that intense teaching is more like planting. Those teachers like Weintraub were inserting seeds that would burst forth years or decades later when the realities of adult life called them forth. I hated Edmund Burke when I read him here but years later he exploded in my mind and has become one of the great guides of my life. I was blandly³⁶ indifferent to Augustine when I encountered him, it was only later that I understood the power of his loves and his wrestling with his own soul, and the need to be careful about what you love, because you become what you love.

教学的一个悲剧就是，有时候教授们在课堂上倾注的远多于学生能吸收的。但实际上，这种高强度的教学更像是在树人。像温特莱布这样的老师，是在播种，等到几年甚至几十年后，成年生活中的种种现实会浇灌这些种子，令其茁壮生长。我在芝大读埃德蒙·伯克时，我很反感他。但多年后，他又重回我的脑海，并成为了我生活中的一位重要向导。我初读奥古斯汀时，提不起什么兴致，直到后来我才理解了他那爱与灵魂挣扎之中蕴含的力量，明白了要谨慎得对待我之所爱，因为它会成为我之所是。

Chicago gave me glimpses of the mountain ranges of human existences. It gave me a set of longings³⁸, higher longings than any I had had. In the first place, I longed to know how to see. Seeing reality seems like a straightforward³⁹ thing. You just look out and see the world. But anybody who is around politics or many other arenas⁴⁰ knows how many people see the world with a distorting mirror, how many see only what they want to see, or what they can see by the filtering light of their depression, fear, insecurity or narcissism⁴¹.

芝大让我领略了人类文明的崇山峻岭。它点燃了我内心的诸多渴望，我从未有过的更高层次的渴望。首先，我渴望看见。看见现实似乎是再明显不过的一件事，只需要睁开眼，就能看到这个世界。但是关切政治讨论以及其他领域的人都清楚，有太多人带着扭曲的视角看世界，有太多人只想看到他们想看到的，或者，只能看到由他们压抑、恐惧、不安全或是自恋的滤镜处理过的世界。

Sometimes I think the whole disaster of the Trump⁴² presidency⁴³ is because of a breakdown⁴⁴ of intellectual virtue⁴⁵. A break down in America’s ability to face evidence clearly, to pay due respect to the concrete contours of reality. These intellectual virtues⁴⁶ may seem elitist, but once a country tolerates dishonesty, incuriosity and intellectual laziness, then everything else falls apart.

有时候我觉得，特朗普当选总统的噩梦，正反映了求知美德崩坏的现实。美国人实事求是的能力崩坏了，没有给事实的清晰轮廓以足够尊重。这些求知的美德或许显得有些精英主义，但一旦一个国家开始容忍欺瞒、无知、懒于探索，那就必将礼崩乐坏。

John Ruskin once wrote, “The more I think of it I find this conclusion more impressed upon me— that the greatest thing a human soul ever does is to see something, and tell what is saw in a plain way. Hundreds of people can talk for one who can think, but thousands can think for one who can see.” At Chicago, I encountered so many writers who could see so purely⁴⁷ and carefully --Shakespeare, Hume, Socrates and George Eliot, George Orwell and Hannah Arendt. I met so many professors and students who could weigh evidence and who didn’t tolerate intellectual shabbiness. It aroused in me a desire to have that virtue—the ability to see clearly and face unpleasant facts.

约翰·拉斯金曾写到：“我越是深入地思考，我就越倾向于得出这个结论——人类所能做的最了不起之事就是，看到了什么，便如实地说出来。千百人口说不如一人思索，千万人思索不如一人见过。”在芝大，我邂逅许许多多目光澄澈又细腻的作家：莎士比亚、休谟、苏格拉底、乔治·艾略特、乔治·奥威尔还有汉娜·阿伦特。我见过许许多多注重实证、不容马虎求知的教授和学生。这让我也渴望具备此种品质——懂得观看之道，直面不快的现实。

三

Then there was the second yearning⁴⁸ which is the yearning to be wise. I really couldn’t tell you then what wisdom consists of, and I still can’t give you a concrete definition. But we all know wisdom when we see it. There is a deep humanity, gentleness, and stability to a wise person. That person can perceive, with love and generosity⁴⁹, the foibles of another heart. That person can grasp the nub of any situation, see around corners and has developed an intuitive awareness⁵⁰ of what will go together and what will never go together.

第二种渴望，就是对智慧的渴望。我无法告诉你智慧由什么构成，也说不上智慧的准确定义。但我们见到智慧时，我们都会认出它来。根植于心的人性、风度和稳重就体现在智者的身上。他能透过爱与包容去审视别人的缺陷；他能直指任何问题的核心；环顾四野，便可洞见凝聚之力与不可强求之事。

That wisdom, I imagine, comes from paying deep and loving attention to the people around you. It comes from many hours of solitary⁵¹ reflection. It comes from reading of the greats. It comes from getting out of your own century, thinking outside of your assumptions and embarking⁵² on a great lifelong journey toward understanding.

That sort of humane⁵³ wisdom was admired here. We wouldn’t have told each other this, because it would be too pretentious⁵⁴, but all those bullshitty dinner table conversations and bar stool conversations about the great ideas were attempts to put together the building blocks of that kind of wisdom. They were attempts to put ourselves together so we could be of use. They were attempts to imitate penetrating⁵⁵ insight of Hume, the smile of Voltaire, and the gentle guidance of a dozen professors whose names you may know or may not know, some living Nathan Tarcov, Josef Stern; some of my old professors who are now dead.

在我看来，要具备这种智慧，我们需真情实意地关怀身边的人，需要时常在独处中自我反省，需要阅读伟大的作品；需要我们跳出所置身的时代，跳出自己现有的成见，动身踏上求取理解的终身之旅。

芝大推崇这种闪耀人性光芒的智慧。我们用不着奔走相告，因为那样太过刻意。但我经历的那些食堂扯谈和酒吧论战，都是在尝试将这种智慧的零件组装在一起。我们试着塑造我们自己，从而成为有用之人。我们试着像休谟那样富有洞见，像伏尔泰那样微笑、像许许多多的教授那样诲尔谆谆，你们也许知道或不知道的名字，在世的有内森·塔可夫、约瑟夫·斯坦恩，还有的老教授，已别离人世。

四

Third, Chicago gave me a yearning for ideals. It is sometimes said that we humans seek happiness. We seek the fulfillment of our desires. But of course that’s not true. Peace and happiness is great for a while but after a bit it gets boring. “What our human emotions seem to require,” William James once wrote, “is the sight of struggle going on. The moment the fruits are being merely eaten things become ignoble⁵⁶. Sweat and effort, human nature strained to the uttermost and on the rack, yet getting through it alive, and then turning back on its success to pursue another more rare and arduous⁵⁷ journey—this is the sort of thing that inspires us.”

第三，芝大给了我对理想的渴望。有时候人们说，人生的目的在于寻求幸福。我们寻求自身欲望的满足。当然，这不是事实。平静和幸福只是短暂的美好，很快人们就开始无聊了。“人类情感似乎需要的是”，威廉·詹姆士曾写道：“能一直看到挣扎的景象。果实被吞下的那一刻，满足感就顿显卑劣。汗水与努力，人性承受极限之压，痛苦不堪，然而度过了这一劫，又拒绝享受成功，转而踏上更为人迹罕至的艰苦之旅——正是这种事情激励着我们。”

James summed it up pretty well. Human existence is the same eternal thing: Some man or womans’ pains in pursuit of some exalted⁵⁸ ideal.

詹姆士总结得很好，人类的存在有着一个永恒的主题：每个人的痛苦铺就了追逐至高理想的路。

I recently saw the movie “Hidden Figures,” about some African American women who served the cause of space exploration and racial justice. Those women weren’t exactly happy in that movie, in the story told by the movie，but there was a spiritual intensity serving their two great ideals. That’s what we want in all of our lives. Intense struggling for the good.

我最近看了电影《隐藏人物》，讲得是一些非裔的美国女性投身于太空探索和种族正义的事业。这些女性在电影中并不快乐，故事中看不出来她们的快乐。但是，有一股精神张力一直推着她们追逐这两个伟大的理想。那正是我们所有人生命中想要的。对美好事物极力地争取。

If nothing else, Chicago presented us with high ideals in profusion⁵⁹: the patriotism⁶¹ of Pericles, the commitment of Fermi, the American dream of Alexander Hamilton. I surely wasn’t smart enough to come up with my own philosophy or set my own ideals. But I could try on different ideals passed down to us from our betters, and I could see which ones seemed to fit, and I could join that parade.

芝大至少给我们呈现了泉涌般高尚的理想：伯里克利的爱国情操，费密的专注，亚历山大·汉密尔顿的美国梦。我当然还没有智慧到可以发明一套属于我自己的哲学，或是创立属于我自己的理想，但我可以尝试这些贤者传递给我们的理想，看看我认同哪些，然后我参与到传承它的队伍中去。

They say that life here is about the life of the mind, but that is an injustice⁶². The mind and the soul are not so easily separated. These yearnings that I have described transplanted me here--to see the world clearly, to be wise, to pursue ideals—these weren’t really the yearnings of the mind. They were yearnings from deeper, from the part of us that can only be called the soul.

他们认为，这儿的学院生活就是心智生活，但这话有失偏颇。心智和灵魂不是那么容易分开的。我刚刚讲过的这些渴望，想要看清这个世界，想要变得智慧，想要追求理想，这些不算是精神追求。他们源自更深层的地方，我们将其称之为灵魂。

We don’t talk about this much in our secular⁶³ culture, but there is a part of us that doesn’t care about Facebook likes, or annual income or even how popular you are. This is the part of us that yearns⁶⁴ for permanent things, for beauty, truth, justice, transcendence and home. This is the part of us that is morally valuable, that each of us worthy⁶⁵ of dignity and respect. The poet Rilke had an education like ours. He wrote, “I am learning to see. I don’t know why it is, but everything penetrates⁶⁶ more deeply into me and does not stop at the place where until now it always used to finish. I have an inner self of which I was ignorant. Everything goes thither⁶⁷ now. What happens there I do not know.”

我们在俗世中并不怎么谈论灵魂，但我们在一些时候也会不关心脸书上有没有人点赞，不关心年收入，甚至不在乎自己红不红。这中时候，我们就是在追求永恒之物。追求美、真理、正义、超验和家园。这正是我们身上道德价值的体现，是我们每个人应受尊重、享有尊严之所在。诗人里尔克曾有过类似的体会。他写道：我学着看见。我不知为何如此，但此刻，一切都向我深处渗透，一切都不再停留在它们之前停下的地方。我体内还有一个我，我不知道的我。一切都到了未知的领地，那里发生的事我并不知晓。

I’ll never be as deep as Rilke, but I was deeper when I left Chicago than when I arrived. More important, I graduated from the University of Chicago with a little sense of my soul and its yearnings.

我无法像里克尔那样深刻，但我离开芝大时，我比来芝大时更深刻了。更重要的是，我从芝大毕业时，朦胧地感知到了我的灵魂和渴望。

There was a lot of longing³⁷ going on then. And there still a lot that goes on today. Two Saturdays ago my wife Anne and I got together with the philosophy professor Candace Vogler in Cobb Hall and led a seminar under the sponsorship of the Hyde Park Institute. It was a beautiful spring day and we all spent it inside, talking about character and spiritual growth, about Aquinas and Beethoven and Victor Frankl. We took a lunch break and set to going out to enjoy the sun. Some of the students had their sandwiches inside and had an internal debate among themselves about the immateriality of the soul. Only in Chicago. And I saw that day this place is still wonderfully itself. I felt some of that old intensity of purpose.

那时我怀着诸多渴望，今天也是如此。两周前，我的太太和我还有哲学教授Candace Vogler在考伯大楼里主持了一场研讨会，由海德公园研究所赞助。那是个明媚的春日，我们都在室内，谈论品格和精神成长，讨论阿奎奈（注：意大利神学家）、贝多芬、维克多·弗兰克尔（注：著名犹太裔心理学家，他是二战集中营幸存者）。我们中午吃午饭时，出去沐浴了一会阳光。有的学生在室内吃着三明治，他们内部进行了一场辩论，关于灵魂的非物质性。芝大独有的景象。那天我觉得，这里仍然是个神奇的地方，我感觉到了那种旧时的强烈使命。

There is still the same honest and unironic hunger for wisdom. There is still the willingness to put your ideas out there and argue and listen. There is still that ardent⁶⁸ searching for truth and the willingness to be silly in pursuit of it.

仍然可见的是那种诚肯端正的求知若渴，仍然可见的是人们愿意亮出观点，然后辩论和倾听。仍然可见的是求真的热情，以及不耻下问的精神。

Chicago gives you a taste for mountaineering, for climbing up toward the summits of human existence.

芝大让你向往攀登高峰，朝着人类存在的顶峰不断攀登。

Afterwards, you’re never quite content living in the flatlands, living solely⁶⁹ in the stuff that gets written about on twitter, or even in the newspapers or talked about on reality TV. Many years ago a man named Robert Maynard Hutchins bet this institutions future on one proposition: that if you put the big ideas in front of a bunch of 20-year-olds you can change their life forever. I can tell you, it worked for me. It completely worked for me.

经此一役，你就再也不会满足于停留在平地上，再也不会满足于只是刷刷推特，甚至不会满足于看看报纸或是真人秀节目。多年前，一位名叫罗伯特·梅纳德·哈钦斯（注：美国教育家，曾任芝大校长）的人将芝大未来的希望押注于这一点：若能把伟大的理念摆在一帮20来岁的年轻人眼前，则会改变他们的一生。我可以告诉大家，这一理念在我身上是奏效的，芝大完全改变了我。

And this change that happens in those of us who went here is a very practical change.

这种改变，对于那些求学于此的人，也是务实可见的改变。

五

We have a Telos Crisis in this country. Many people do not have a clear sense of their goals and their own purpose. They don’t know what they are shooting for, or what fundamental convictions should guide their behavior. They’ve been trained in hyper-specialized research universities that tell them how to do things but don’t ask them to think about why they should do them; that don’t give them a forum⁷⁰ to ask the questions, What is my own best life? What am I called to do? Why am I here?

目前在这个国家，我们正经历着关于终极意义的危机。许多人对自己的目标和目的没有清晰的认识。他们不知道他们在追逐什么，或者遵从什么样的根本信念行事。他们在各自细分的专业领域接受大学的科研训练，学校教他们怎么做事，却不教他们思考为何要做。大学也没有为他们提供发问的论坛，去问我应该如何生活？我的使命是什么？我为什么要来这里？

From college they enter the world we all live in, which is a busy world. The flow of a thousand emails, the tasks of setting up a career and family. These things distract from the great questions of purpose and meaning.

从大学里走出，他们就进入了真实的世界，一个忙忙碌碌的世界。成千上万的电邮要回，马不停蹄地规划事业、组建家庭。种种此般皆让人无法聚焦于关乎生命意义与目的的问题。

I find that many people haven’t even been given a moral vocabulary to help think these things through.

我看到很多人就连这些思考德性话题的词汇都不具备。

They haven’t been surrounded with a functioning moral ecology and a set of ideal to guide and orient them.

他们并没有处在一个良好的道德生态之中，也甚少接触那些能引导指点他们的理念。

And this produces a great emotional fragility. Our friend Nietzsche said that he who has a why to live for can endure any how. But if you don’t know what your purpose is then the first failure or setback⁷¹ can totally throw you into crisis and total collapse⁷².

这就造成了一种巨大的情感脆弱。我们的朋友尼采曾说过，若知为何而生，遂可纳受一切。但倘若你不知道自己的使命，那即使是第一次失败或挫折就能置你于危机之中，让你彻底崩溃。

I see this among my former students, and I see it over and over again in people in their mid-twenties. The young person without a conscious purpose graduates and hopes by piling success upon success he can fill the void within. He becomes what the writer Matias Dalsgaard calls: The Insecure Overachiever:

“Such a person, ”Dalsgaard writes, “must have no stable or solid foundation to build upon, and yet nonetheless tries to build his way out of his problem. It is an impossible situation. You can’t compensate⁷³ for having a foundation made of quicksand by building a new story on top of it. But this person takes no notice and hopes that the problem down in the foundations won’t be found out if only the construction work keeps going.”

我在我教过的学生身上看到过这种缺失，二十几岁的年轻人身上也屡见不鲜。没有明确目标的年轻人毕业了，指望用一次次堆砌成功来填补内心的空洞。他们成了 Matias Dalsgaard所谓的“焦虑的佼佼者”。（注：Matias是麦肯锡前雇员，指出在初入职场的年轻人身上特别明显地存在一种焦虑状态，后来他在书详述了这种焦虑状态的五个特点）

Dalsgaard 写道：“这种人一定没有稳固的处事根基，但依然试图让自己从所遇的问题中解脱出来。这等于陷自己于不可能之境。你无法通过建造新的楼层，来弥补像流沙一般的地基。但这种人会继续无视这点，一心希望只要修建工作继续下去，地基的问题就不会被发现。”

But of course the reckoning always comes. It produces the crisis, the depression, the sadness. David Foster Wallace noticed it back in 1996: “It’s more like a stomach level sadness,” He wrote, “I see it in myself and my friends in different ways. It manifests itself in a kind of lostness.

但凡事终有报。危机感来临，压抑感和沮丧接踵而至。大卫·福斯特·华莱士（注：美国知名作家，其畅销巨著Infinite Jest被《时代》杂志列为1923年至2005年间最伟大的百部小说之一）在1996年注意到了这点，他写道：“这种悲伤深入直觉。我在自己身上、朋友身上都以不同的方式看见过。它表现出一种若有所失。”

“This is a generation that has an inheritance of absolutely nothing as far as meaningful moral values goes,” He wrote, “You can see the fruits of the Telos Crisis in the rising suicide rates, the rising drug addiction⁷⁴ rates. You can see the social distrust. You can see the isolation⁷⁵ and the lives of people who are adrift.”

“从意义性与道德观念方面来看，这是继承了虚无的一代人。终极意义危机的恶果体现在不断攀升的自杀率上，体现在不断增加的毒品成瘾上，你看到社会信任缺失，不少人过着离群索居，漂泊无依的生活。”

The fact that you went to Chicago means you’ll always have an orientation⁷⁶ that is slightly different than the mainstream⁷⁷ culture, slightly countercultural. You’ll have a harder time being shallow. You may not know your life’s purpose or your calling, but you know that that mountain world exists and you can explore it, and that the answers can be found up there in the Museum of Beautiful Things, and that knowledge itself will be a source of great comfort and stability.

你到芝大来，就意味着你一定会受到一种指引，它与主流文化略有不同，稍微逆流而行。肤浅地过活，反而变得不易。你可能并不知道生命的意义或是你的使命，但是你知道崇山峻岭就在那里等着你去探索，人生的诸多答案就在那座美好之物的博览馆里，知识会给你莫大的安慰，让你变得冷静沉稳。

Life at the university of Chicago is not always filled with day to day happiness. But it gives you glimpses of cosmic happiness, glimpses of understanding the long story all involved in. And if you have cosmic joy, because you know this story is ultimately about something meaningful, holy and good, you can bear the day to day miseries⁷⁸ a lot better. So that is the good side of what I got here and what I hope you got here. Let me finish by speaking very briefly⁷⁹ about what the University of Chicago did not give to me, and where it failed me.

在芝大的生活并非流淌着日常幸福。但它会让你瞥见更大我的幸福，瞥见人类漫长求索之旅的宏图。如果你体会到了这种大我的欢愉，因为你知道它最终关切的是生命的意义，神圣与美妙，那你自然能更好地承受日常的痛苦。这些就是芝大赐予我的美好，也是我期望大家也能从这儿获取的。最后我想简单说一下芝大没能教给我的东西，芝大辜负我的地方。

“This is a generation that has an inheritance of absolutely nothing as far as meaningful moral values goes,” He wrote, “You can see the fruits of the Telos Crisis in the rising suicide rates, the rising drug addiction rates. You can see the social distrust. You can see the isolation and the lives of people who are adrift.”

The fact that you went to Chicago means you’ll always have an orientation that is slightly different than the mainstream culture, slightly countercultural. You’ll have a harder time being shallow. You may not know your life’s purpose or your calling, but you know that that mountain world exists and you can explore it, and that the answers can be found up there in the Museum of Beautiful Things, and that knowledge itself will be a source of great comfort and stability.

Life at the university of Chicago is not always filled with day to day happiness. But it gives you glimpses of cosmic happiness, glimpses of understanding the long story all involved in. And if you have cosmic joy, because you know this story is ultimately about something meaningful, holy and good, you can bear the day to day miseries a lot better. So that is the good side of what I got here and what I hope you got here. Let me finish by speaking very briefly about what the University of Chicago did not give to me, and where it failed me.

六

Now here I speak provisionally, because I’m going to start talking about the school as it was in the 1980s, and a lot of the problems may have been fixed⁸⁰ by now.

我得声明我说的这些都是陈年往事，因为我下面谈到的是芝大上世纪八十年代的情况。很多问题现在可能都不是问题了。

It is traditional for alumni to say that the college was better in their own day. As both an alum and a trustee I can tell you that’s nonsense here I’m here to tell you that Chicago is way better now than it was when I was here, and way better than it has ever been.

校友们大多会说旧时的校园有旧时的好。身为芝大的校友和校董之一，我觉得这种说法是无稽之谈。事实上，现在的芝大远远好过我求学时的芝大，也远远好过以往任何时候的芝大。

But in my era, and maybe today, Chicago did not prepare its students for intimacy⁸¹. As I’ve grown older I’ve come to see that the capacity for intimacy is one of the more crucial talents for a fulfilling life.

但我上学那会儿，可能今天依然如此，芝大并未教会学生如何建立亲密的人际关系。随着我年岁渐长，我开始意识到，构建亲密关系的能力是促成圆满人生的重要本领之一。

That’s because the primary challenges of life are not knowledge challenges, they are motivational challenges. It’s not only knowing what is good, but being completely and passionately⁸² devoted⁸³ and loving what is good.

这是因为，人生面对的首要挑战不是知识的挑战，而是动力的挑战。人生在于不仅要知道何为益事，还要带着爱与热血全身心投入其中。

It’s about passionately loving your spouse⁸⁴ and family in a way that brings out their loveliness. It’s about loving your vocation⁸⁵ with fierce dedication⁸⁶. It’s about loving your community with a serving heart. It’s about loving your philosophy or your God with a humble⁸⁷ fervor.

人生在于热烈地爱着你的配偶和家人，以至于焕发出他们内心的爱。人生在于坚定地热爱自己的事业，在于服务自己所爱的社区，在于以虔诚赤子之心爱着自己奉行的哲学或上帝。

A fulfilled life is moving from open options to sweet compulsions. It’s about saying no to a thousand things so you can say a few big yeses to the things you are deeply bound to. It’s about loving things so much that you’re willing to chain yourself down to them. The things you chain yourself to are the things that set you free.

圆满的人生是从开放式选择走向甜蜜献身的过程，是你千万次的拒绝只为去做几次你深深牵挂之事，是你愿意为把自己和所爱之事绑在一起。你虽把自己绑在它们身上，可它们却会给你自由。

And it’s not only loving Platonically. It’s actually and intimately living out the day to day realities of your fierce love. It’s intimately sharing the same bathroom or getting up every day and writing on the same damn laptop.

这种爱不只是柏拉图式的理想之爱，而是将内心的热爱真正地融入到日常生活的点滴之中。与朋友们共享浴室，同起同睡，在共享的电脑上写写画画。

It’s about mastering all the phases of intimacy: being open to the first enticing⁸⁸ glance. Having the energy to really learn about those people, like those people on a first date who learn how much they have in common with each other and treat these things as amazing miracles: “You don’t like foigras? Neither do I! We should get married!”

它在于把握亲密关系的每个阶段：对第一个媚眼回以示意。真正地花精力了解那些人，就像是第一次约会的人那样，发现彼此之间的有诸多的共同点，会认为这是惊人的巧合：“你不喜欢佛加格拉斯？我也是！不如我们结婚吧！”

It’s about having the courage to engage in the reciprocal cycle of ever greater vulnerability. It’s about enduring faithfully when there is some crisis and you’re not sure you believe in this relationship, this career or this institution. It’s about forgiveness for the betrayals committed against you and asking forgiveness when you have let down your friends or your profession or your spouse. When you make an intimate connection—to a spouse, a friend, a profession or a community or faith—you are as Leon Wieseltier puts is, “consenting to be truly known, which is an ominous⁸⁹ prospect⁹⁰.”

And so one needs the skills of intimacy to live well in such close proximity⁹¹. One needs the skills of intimacy to achieve the kind of fusion⁶⁰ that leads to real joy—when a couple become one loving entity⁹², when you and your vocation have merged⁹³ into a single identity, when your love for your God or your philosophy is a complete surrender.

它在于勇于直面循环往复的脆弱感。在于遭遇危机后依然坚守，即便自己不确定是否还相信份关系、这份事业或这个机构。在于宽恕对你的背叛，当你辜负朋友、工作失误或是伤了配偶的心时，能请求谅解。当你与配偶、朋友、职业、社区或信仰建立密切联系时，你就像里昂·维斯提耶所说，“愿意被他人真正地了解，虽然前路危机四伏。”

所以人们需要学会建立亲密关系，实现相处之道。人们需要学会建立亲密关系，彼此相依，体悟人生真趣——一对夫妇要成为爱的化身，你和你的事业要合为一体，你应完全献身于自己所信奉的哲学或上帝。

What I’m describing here are emotional arts. They are not natural but have to be acquired by repeated vulnerability, commitment and experience.

我在这里谈的是情感的艺术，我们并非天生就懂得它，需要反复经历脆弱不堪、矢志不渝、人情历练后才能掌握它。

七

When I was here at Chicago, we students by and large did not excel at intimacy. We were artful dodgers⁹⁴, with a superb ability to slip out of situations at moments when deep heart to heart connection might come. We were in the business at age 20 or 21 of trying to make a good impression, so of course we weren’t going to show the unattractive sides of ourselves, which is an absolute prerequisite⁹⁵ of intimacy.

我在芝大念书时，我们身为学生总体上都不太善于建立亲密关系。我们非常善于逃避，尤其是回避那些心有灵犀般羁绊或将到来的场合。我们当时正忙着在二十岁出头时一鸣惊人，自然不想展示自己平庸无奇的一面，可这正是建立亲密关系的绝对前提。

We were busy with our work and our books and student activities, and we told ourselves, idiotically, that we didn’t have time for deep relationships. We too often approached each other shrouded⁹⁶ in what Candace Vogler calls an “edifice of thought.” When confronted with uncertainty⁹⁷ or a difficulty, we tended to revert⁹⁸ to our strengths, which were our IQs and our thinking and talking skills. We sought to be masters of our life, rather than surrendering to emotions which are so much out of our control.

我们忙着学业、看书、参加学生活动。我们自以为是地认为，我们才没空去建立什么交心的情感关系。我们几乎总是在靠近彼此时，裹着一层坎迪斯·沃格勒称之为“思维的虚假大厦”的东西。（注：芝大哲学教授，研究领域涉及伦理学，女性主义，社会政治哲学等等）当碰到不确定的情形或难关时，我们总爱借助于我们的强处，比如智商、思维能力、口才等。我们想成为自己生活的主宰者，而不是向我们几乎无法控制的情绪缴械投降。

And the university didn’t help. The atmosphere at Chicago then was emotionally avoidant from the top down. Too much of life was defined by what could be discussed in the classroom, and everything else just fell by the wayside. There wasn’t enough dancing and drinking or any of the other activities that make diffidence possible. There wasn’t enough joint⁹⁹ physical activity.

芝大在这件事上没有帮上忙。彼时的芝大氛围，从上到下都透着一股逃避情感话题的感觉。学习生活的主题是课堂上能讨论什么，其他事情都会半途而废。没有什么舞会、酒会或是任何其他让大家袒露真我的活动。当时也没什么太多联合的体育赛事。

Too much emphasis was put on scholarship and professionalism, and those things were defined by a pose of detachment, specialization, critical thinking, aloofness¹⁰⁰ and a mythical¹⁰¹ belief in cool reasoning.

当时更多的是强调学术表现和职业素养，而这两样又主要表现为情感抽离、专业化、批判性思维、冷眼旁观以及对冷静推理的迷之执着。

Too much time was spent studying, which is solitary activity. Too much of student life was oriented around the Reg, and not because couples were fooling around in the stacks.

大部分时间都花在了学习上，基本上都是独来独往。过多的学生生活围绕着图书馆，但原因不是因为情侣们在书架的掩护下谈情说爱。

I left Chicago better at reading books than at reading people.

我离开芝大时，读书的本事远胜读人。

I did not have the eyes to see the beauty in people who were so open hearted that they had nothing particularly interesting to say. I didn’t know how to handle the deepest and scariest intimacies¹⁰².

我的眼睛看不到善良诚恳之人身上的美，因为我那时觉得他们没什么思想深度。我也不知道如何应对深刻却又让人生畏的亲密关系。

I’m hoping I’m a little better. I’ve had some graduate tutors in this.

但愿我现在好一些了。观众席里有当时我的教学辅导。

Life will offer you a diminishing number of opportunities to show how smart you are. It will offer an infinite number of occasions that require kindness, mercy, grace, sensitivity, sympathy, generosity and love. Life will require that you widen your repertoire¹⁰³ of emotions, that you throw yourself headlong into other people. That you take the curriculum of intimacy. If you haven’t mastered it yet, I ask you to turn to this task intentionally¹⁰⁴ now.

随着我们不断长大，生活中可以证明自己有多聪明的机会变得越来越少。但生活中有无数个场合需要善良、仁慈、优雅、敏锐、同情、慷慨和爱。生活需要你拓宽自己情绪的全部曲目，需要你径直去和他人打交道，需要你上一学期的亲密关系课。如果你还未掌握它，我希望你现在就开始刻意准备吧。

So I’m asking one final thing of you members of the Class of 2017. Tomorrow you will graduate. And that is a great accomplishment. But before you do, I hope that tonight you will do one thing to cap your education. Go to the Regenstein with a special friend in your life. Find the spot deep in the stacks where Nietzsche’s “The Death of Tragedy” is found. But don’t open the book.

我最后还有一个希望，2017届的同学们。明日你们即将毕业，这当然可喜可贺。但在明天到来之前，我希望今晚你能做一件锦上添花之事。和一位对你意义非凡的人一同去图书馆。在书堆的深处找到那本尼采的《悲剧的死亡》。但是不要翻开它。

Take off some of your clothes and fool around.

褪去几件衣裳，邂逅美好时光

Thank you and God bless you.

谢谢，上帝保佑你们。

点击

收听单词发音

1 inaugural
adj.就职的；n.就职典礼
参考例句：
We listened to the President's inaugural speech on the radio yesterday.昨天我们通过无线电听了总统的就职演说。 Professor Pearson gave the inaugural lecture in the new lecture theatre.皮尔逊教授在新的阶梯讲堂发表了启用演说。

2 gender
n.（生理上的）性，（名词、代词等的）性
参考例句：
French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语，所有的名词都有性。 Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。

3 freshman
n.大学一年级学生(可兼指男女)
参考例句：
Jack decided to live in during his freshman year at college.杰克决定大一时住校。 He is a freshman in the show business.他在演艺界是一名新手。

4 noted
adj.著名的，知名的
参考例句：
The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。 Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

5 futility
n.无用
参考例句：
She could see the utter futility of trying to protest. 她明白抗议是完全无用的。 The sheer futility of it all exasperates her. 它毫无用处，这让她很生气。

6 celebrity
n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望
参考例句：
Tom found himself something of a celebrity. 汤姆意识到自己已小有名气了。 He haunted famous men, hoping to get celebrity for himself. 他常和名人在一起, 希望借此使自己获得名气。

7 acclimated
v.使适应新环境，使服水土服水土，适应( acclimate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
The rice has been acclimated in this area. 水稻已能适应这一地区的环境。来自《现代英汉综合大词典》 Have you become acclimated to Taiwan yet? 你已适应台湾的环境了吗？来自辞典例句

8 gateway
n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法
参考例句：
Hard work is the gateway to success.努力工作是通往成功之路。 A man collected tolls at the gateway.一个人在大门口收通行费。

9 tempted
v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词）
参考例句：
I was sorely tempted to complain, but I didn't. 我极想发牢骚，但还是没开口。 I was tempted by the dessert menu. 甜食菜单馋得我垂涎欲滴。

10 decided
adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的
参考例句：
This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。 There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

11 traumas
n.心灵创伤( trauma的名词复数 )；损伤；痛苦经历；挫折
参考例句：
She felt exhausted after the traumas of recent weeks. 她经受了最近几个星期的痛苦之后感到精疲力竭。 Conclusion: Safety lens of spectacles can protect the occurrence of ocular traumas. 结论：安全镜片可以预防眼镜碎片所致的眼外伤。来自互联网

12 etiquette
n.礼仪，礼节；规矩
参考例句：
The rules of etiquette are not so strict nowadays.如今的礼仪规则已不那么严格了。 According to etiquette,you should stand up to meet a guest.按照礼节你应该站起来接待客人。

13 bucks
n.雄鹿( buck的名词复数 )；钱；（英国十九世纪初的）花花公子；（用于某些表达方式）责任v.（马等）猛然弓背跃起( buck的第三人称单数 )；抵制；猛然震荡；马等尥起后蹄跳跃
参考例句：
They cost ten bucks. 这些值十元钱。 They are hunting for bucks. 他们正在猎雄兔。来自《简明英汉词典》

14 corporate
adj.共同的，全体的；公司的，企业的
参考例句：
This is our corporate responsibility.这是我们共同的责任。 His corporate's life will be as short as a rabbit's tail.他的公司的寿命是兔子尾巴长不了。

15 consultants
顾问( consultant的名词复数 )；高级顾问医生，会诊医生
参考例句：
a firm of management consultants 管理咨询公司 There're many consultants in hospital. 医院里有很多会诊医生。

16 navigate
v.航行，飞行；导航，领航
参考例句：
He was the first man to navigate the Atlantic by air.他是第一个飞越大西洋的人。 Such boats can navigate on the Nile.这种船可以在尼罗河上航行。

17 celibacy
n.独身(主义)
参考例句：
People in some religious orders take a vow of celibacy. 有些宗教修会的人发誓不结婚。 The concept of celibacy carries connotations of asceticism and religious fervor. 修道者的独身观念含有禁欲与宗教热情之意。

18 averting
防止，避免( avert的现在分词 )；转移
参考例句：
The margin of time for averting crisis was melting away. 可以用来消弥这一危机的些许时光正在逝去。 These results underscore the value of rescue medications in averting psychotic relapse. 这些结果显示了救护性治疗对避免精神病复发的价值。

19 intensity
n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度
参考例句：
I didn't realize the intensity of people's feelings on this issue.我没有意识到这一问题能引起群情激奋。 The strike is growing in intensity.罢工日益加剧。

20 intoxicating
a. 醉人的,使人兴奋的
参考例句：
Power can be intoxicating. 权力能让人得意忘形。 On summer evenings the flowers gave forth an almost intoxicating scent. 夏日的傍晚，鲜花散发出醉人的芳香。

21 torrent
n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发
参考例句：
The torrent scoured a channel down the hillside. 急流沿着山坡冲出了一条沟。 Her pent-up anger was released in a torrent of words.她压抑的愤怒以滔滔不绝的话爆发了出来。

22 awed
adj.充满敬畏的，表示敬畏的v.使敬畏，使惊惧( awe的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
The audience was awed into silence by her stunning performance. 观众席上鸦雀无声，人们对他出色的表演感到惊叹。来自《简明英汉词典》 I was awed by the huge gorilla. 那只大猩猩使我惊惧。来自《简明英汉词典》

23 reverence
n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬
参考例句：
He was a bishop who was held in reverence by all.他是一位被大家都尊敬的主教。 We reverence tradition but will not be fettered by it.我们尊重传统，但不被传统所束缚。

24 glimmer
v.发出闪烁的微光；n.微光，微弱的闪光
参考例句：
I looked at her and felt a glimmer of hope.我注视她，感到了一线希望。 A glimmer of amusement showed in her eyes.她的眼中露出一丝笑意。

25 intensities
n.强烈( intensity的名词复数 )；（感情的）强烈程度；强度；烈度
参考例句：
At very high intensities, nuclear radiations cause itching and tingling of the skin. 当核辐射强度很高时，它能使皮肤感到发痒和刺痛。来自辞典例句 They ask again and again in a variety of ways and intensities. 他们会以不同的方式和强度来不停地问，直到他得到自己想要的答案为止。来自互联网

26 proselytized
v.（使）改变宗教信仰[政治信仰、意见等]，使变节( proselytize的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：

27 fervor
n.热诚；热心；炽热
参考例句：
They were concerned only with their own religious fervor.他们只关心自己的宗教热诚。 The speech aroused nationalist fervor.这个演讲喚起了民族主义热情。

28 legendary
adj.传奇（中）的，闻名遐迩的；n.传奇（文学）
参考例句：
Legendary stories are passed down from parents to children.传奇故事是由父母传给孩子们的。 Odysseus was a legendary Greek hero.奥狄修斯是传说中的希腊英雄。

29 mere
adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过
参考例句：
That is a mere repetition of what you said before.那不过是重复了你以前讲的话。 It's a mere waste of time waiting any longer.再等下去纯粹是浪费时间。

30 accomplishment
n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能
参考例句：
The series of paintings is quite an accomplishment.这一系列的绘画真是了不起的成就。 Money will be crucial to the accomplishment of our objectives.要实现我们的目标，钱是至关重要的。

31 forth
adv.向前；向外，往外
参考例句：
The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。 He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。

32 oration
n.演说，致辞，叙述法
参考例句：
He delivered an oration on the decline of family values.他发表了有关家庭价值观的衰退的演说。 He was asked to deliver an oration at the meeting.他被邀请在会议上发表演说。

33 fathom
v.领悟，彻底了解
参考例句：
I really couldn't fathom what he was talking about.我真搞不懂他在说些什么。 What these people hoped to achieve is hard to fathom.这些人希望实现些什么目标难以揣测。

34 derived
vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取
参考例句：
Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。来自《简明英汉词典》 He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。来自《简明英汉词典》

35 exhausted
adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的
参考例句：
It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.搬运回家的这段路程特别长，到家时我们已筋疲力尽。 Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life.珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。

36 blandly
adv.温和地，殷勤地
参考例句：
There is a class of men in Bristol monstrously prejudiced against Blandly. 布里斯托尔有那么一帮人为此恨透了布兰德利。来自英汉文学 - 金银岛 \"Maybe you could get something in the stage line?\" he blandly suggested. “也许你能在戏剧这一行里找些事做，\"他和蔼地提议道。来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹

37 longing
n.（for）渴望
参考例句：
Hearing the tune again sent waves of longing through her.再次听到那首曲子使她胸中充满了渴望。 His heart burned with longing for revenge.他心中燃烧着急欲复仇的怒火。

38 longings
渴望，盼望( longing的名词复数 )
参考例句：
Ah, those foolish days of noble longings and of noble strivings! 啊，那些充满高贵憧憬和高尚奋斗的傻乎乎的时光！ I paint you and fashion you ever with my love longings. 我永远用爱恋的渴想来描画你。

39 straightforward
adj.正直的，坦率的；易懂的，简单的
参考例句：
A straightforward talk is better than a flowery speech.巧言不如直说。 I must insist on your giving me a straightforward answer.我一定要你给我一个直截了当的回答。

40 arenas
表演场地( arena的名词复数 )；竞技场；活动或斗争的场所或场面；圆形运动场
参考例句：
Demolition derbies are large-scale automobile rodeos that take place in big arenas. 撞车比赛指的是在很大的竞技场上举行的大型汽车驾驶技术表演。 Are there areas of privacy in the most public of arenas? 在绝大部分公开的场合中存在需要保护隐私的领域吗？

41 narcissism
n.自我陶醉，自恋
参考例句：
Those who suffer from narcissism become self-absorbed.自恋的人会变得自私。 The collective narcissism of the Kerouac circle is ultimately boring.凯鲁亚克和他周围人物的集体自我陶醉欲最终使人厌烦不已。

42 trump
n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭
参考例句：
He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。 The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

43 presidency
n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期)
参考例句：
Roosevelt was elected four times to the presidency of the United States.罗斯福连续当选四届美国总统。 Two candidates are emerging as contestants for the presidency.两位候选人最终成为总统职位竞争者。

44 breakdown
n.垮，衰竭；损坏，故障，倒塌
参考例句：
She suffered a nervous breakdown.她患神经衰弱。 The plane had a breakdown in the air,but it was fortunately removed by the ace pilot.飞机在空中发生了故障，但幸运的是被王牌驾驶员排除了。

45 virtue
n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力
参考例句：
He was considered to be a paragon of virtue.他被认为是品德尽善尽美的典范。 You need to decorate your mind with virtue.你应该用德行美化心灵。

46 virtues
美德( virtue的名词复数 )；德行；优点；长处
参考例句：
Doctors often extol the virtues of eating less fat. 医生常常宣扬少吃脂肪的好处。 She delivered a homily on the virtues of family life. 她进行了一场家庭生活美德方面的说教。

47 purely
adv.纯粹地，完全地
参考例句：
I helped him purely and simply out of friendship.我帮他纯粹是出于友情。 This disproves the theory that children are purely imitative.这证明认为儿童只会单纯地模仿的理论是站不住脚的。

48 yearning
a.渴望的；向往的；怀念的
参考例句：
a yearning for a quiet life 对宁静生活的向往 He felt a great yearning after his old job. 他对过去的工作有一种强烈的渴想。

49 generosity
n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为
参考例句：
We should match their generosity with our own.我们应该像他们一样慷慨大方。 We adore them for their generosity.我们钦佩他们的慷慨。

50 awareness
n.意识，觉悟，懂事，明智
参考例句：
There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。 Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。

51 solitary
adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士
参考例句：
I am rather fond of a solitary stroll in the country.我颇喜欢在乡间独自徜徉。 The castle rises in solitary splendour on the fringe of the desert.这座城堡巍然耸立在沙漠的边际，显得十分壮美。

52 embarking
乘船( embark的现在分词 )；装载；从事
参考例句：
He's embarking on a new career as a writer. 他即将开始新的职业生涯——当一名作家。 The campaign on which were embarking was backed up by such intricate and detailed maintenance arrangemets. 我们实施的战争，须要如此复杂及详细的维护准备。

53 humane
adj.人道的，富有同情心的
参考例句：
Is it humane to kill animals for food?宰杀牲畜来吃合乎人道吗？ Their aim is for a more just and humane society.他们的目标是建立一个更加公正、博爱的社会。

54 pretentious
adj.自命不凡的，自负的，炫耀的
参考例句：
He is a talented but pretentious writer.他是一个有才华但自命不凡的作家。 Speaking well of yourself would only make you appear conceited and pretentious.自夸只会使你显得自负和虚伪。

55 penetrating
adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的
参考例句：
He had an extraordinarily penetrating gaze. 他的目光有股异乎寻常的洞察力。 He examined the man with a penetrating gaze. 他以锐利的目光仔细观察了那个人。

56 ignoble
adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的
参考例句：
There's something cowardly and ignoble about such an attitude.这种态度有点怯懦可鄙。 Some very great men have come from ignoble families.有些伟人出身低微。

57 arduous
adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的
参考例句：
We must have patience in doing arduous work.我们做艰苦的工作要有耐性。 The task was more arduous than he had calculated.这项任务比他所估计的要艰巨得多。

58 exalted
adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的
参考例句：
Their loveliness and holiness in accordance with their exalted station.他们的美丽和圣洁也与他们的崇高地位相称。 He received respect because he was a person of exalted rank.他因为是个地位崇高的人而受到尊敬。

59 profusion
n.挥霍；丰富
参考例句：
He is liberal to profusion.他挥霍无度。 The leaves are falling in profusion.落叶纷纷。

60 fusion
n.溶化；熔解；熔化状态，熔和；熔接
参考例句：
Brass is formed by the fusion of copper and zinc. 黄铜是通过铜和锌的熔合而成的。 This alloy is formed by the fusion of two types of metal.这种合金是用两种金属熔合而成的。

61 patriotism
n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义
参考例句：
His new book is a demonstration of his patriotism.他写的新书是他的爱国精神的证明。 They obtained money under the false pretenses of patriotism.他们以虚伪的爱国主义为借口获得金钱。

62 injustice
n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利
参考例句：
They complained of injustice in the way they had been treated.他们抱怨受到不公平的对待。 All his life he has been struggling against injustice.他一生都在与不公正现象作斗争。

63 secular
n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的
参考例句：
We live in an increasingly secular society.我们生活在一个日益非宗教的社会。 Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英国是个世俗主导的多元社会。

64 yearns
渴望，切盼，向往( yearn的第三人称单数 )
参考例句：
Every man yearns for sympathy in sorrow. 每个遇到不幸的人都渴望得到同情。 What I dread is to get into a rut. One yearns for freshness of thought and ideas. 我害怕的就是墨守成规。人总是向往新思想和新观念的。

65 worthy
adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的
参考例句：
I did not esteem him to be worthy of trust.我认为他不值得信赖。 There occurred nothing that was worthy to be mentioned.没有值得一提的事发生。

66 penetrates
v.穿过( penetrate的第三人称单数 )；刺入；了解；渗透
参考例句：
This is a telescope that penetrates to the remote parts of the universe. 这是一架能看到宇宙中遥远地方的望远镜。来自《简明英汉词典》 The dust is so fine that it easily penetrates all the buildings. 尘土极细，能极轻易地钻入一切建筑物。来自辞典例句

67 thither
adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的
参考例句：
He wandered hither and thither looking for a playmate.他逛来逛去找玩伴。 He tramped hither and thither.他到处流浪。

68 ardent
adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的
参考例句：
He's an ardent supporter of the local football team.他是本地足球队的热情支持者。 Ardent expectations were held by his parents for his college career.他父母对他的大学学习抱着殷切的期望。

69 solely
adv.仅仅，唯一地
参考例句：
Success should not be measured solely by educational achievement.成功与否不应只用学业成绩来衡量。 The town depends almost solely on the tourist trade.这座城市几乎完全靠旅游业维持。

70 forum
n.论坛，讨论会
参考例句：
They're holding a forum on new ways of teaching history.他们正在举行历史教学讨论会。 The organisation would provide a forum where problems could be discussed.这个组织将提供一个可以讨论问题的平台。

71 setback
n.退步，挫折，挫败
参考例句：
Since that time there has never been any setback in his career.从那时起他在事业上一直没有遇到周折。 She views every minor setback as a disaster.她把每个较小的挫折都看成重大灾难。

72 collapse
vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷
参考例句：
The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。 The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。

73 compensate
vt.补偿，赔偿；酬报 vi.弥补；补偿；抵消
参考例句：
She used her good looks to compensate her lack of intelligence. 她利用她漂亮的外表来弥补智力的不足。 Nothing can compensate for the loss of one's health. 一个人失去了键康是不可弥补的。

74 addiction
n.上瘾入迷，嗜好
参考例句：
He stole money from his parents to feed his addiction.他从父母那儿偷钱以满足自己的嗜好。 Areas of drug dealing are hellholes of addiction,poverty and murder.贩卖毒品的地区往往是吸毒上瘾、贫困和发生谋杀的地方。

75 isolation
n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离
参考例句：
The millionaire lived in complete isolation from the outside world.这位富翁过着与世隔绝的生活。 He retired and lived in relative isolation.他退休后，生活比较孤寂。

76 orientation
n.方向，目标；熟悉，适应，情况介绍
参考例句：
Children need some orientation when they go to school.小孩子上学时需要适应。 The traveller found his orientation with the aid of a good map.旅行者借助一幅好地图得知自己的方向。

77 mainstream
n.（思想或行为的）主流；adj.主流的
参考例句：
Their views lie outside the mainstream of current medical opinion.他们的观点不属于当今医学界观点的主流。 Polls are still largely reflects the mainstream sentiment.民调还在很大程度上反映了社会主流情绪。

78 miseries
n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人
参考例句：
They forgot all their fears and all their miseries in an instant. 他们马上忘记了一切恐惧和痛苦。来自《现代汉英综合大词典》 I'm suffering the miseries of unemployment. 我正为失业而痛苦。来自《简明英汉词典》

79 briefly
adv.简单地，简短地
参考例句：
I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。 He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。

80 fixed
adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的
参考例句：
Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？ Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。

81 intimacy
n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行
参考例句：
His claims to an intimacy with the President are somewhat exaggerated.他声称自己与总统关系密切，这有点言过其实。 I wish there were a rule book for intimacy.我希望能有个关于亲密的规则。

82 passionately
ad.热烈地，激烈地
参考例句：
She could hate as passionately as she could love. 她能恨得咬牙切齿，也能爱得一往情深。 He was passionately addicted to pop music. 他酷爱流行音乐。

83 devoted
adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的
参考例句：
He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。 We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。

84 spouse
n.配偶(指夫或妻)
参考例句：
Her spouse will come to see her on Sunday.她的丈夫星期天要来看她。 What is the best way to keep your spouse happy in the marriage?在婚姻中保持配偶幸福的最好方法是什么？

85 vocation
n.职业，行业
参考例句：
She struggled for years to find her true vocation.她多年来苦苦寻找真正适合自己的职业。 She felt it was her vocation to minister to the sick.她觉得照料病人是她的天职。

86 dedication
n.奉献，献身，致力，题献，献辞
参考例句：
We admire her courage,compassion and dedication.我们钦佩她的勇气、爱心和奉献精神。 Her dedication to her work was admirable.她对工作的奉献精神可钦可佩。

87 humble
adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低
参考例句：
In my humble opinion,he will win the election.依我拙见，他将在选举中获胜。 Defeat and failure make people humble.挫折与失败会使人谦卑。

88 enticing
adj.迷人的；诱人的
参考例句：
The offer was too enticing to refuse. 这提议太有诱惑力，使人难以拒绝。 Her neck was short but rounded and her arms plump and enticing. 她的脖子短，但浑圆可爱；两臂丰腴，也很动人。

89 ominous
adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的
参考例句：
Those black clouds look ominous for our picnic.那些乌云对我们的野餐来说是个不祥之兆。 There was an ominous silence at the other end of the phone.电话那头出现了不祥的沉默。

90 prospect
n.前景，前途；景色，视野
参考例句：
This state of things holds out a cheerful prospect.事态呈现出可喜的前景。 The prospect became more evident.前景变得更加明朗了。

91 proximity
n.接近，邻近
参考例句：
Marriages in proximity of blood are forbidden by the law.法律规定禁止近亲结婚。 Their house is in close proximity to ours.他们的房子很接近我们的。

92 entity
n.实体，独立存在体，实际存在物
参考例句：
The country is no longer one political entity.这个国家不再是一个统一的政治实体了。 As a separate legal entity,the corporation must pay taxes.作为一个独立的法律实体，公司必须纳税。

93 merged
（使）混合( merge的过去式和过去分词 )；相融；融入；渐渐消失在某物中
参考例句：
Turf wars are inevitable when two departments are merged. 两个部门合并时总免不了争争权限。 The small shops were merged into a large market. 那些小商店合并成为一个大商场。

94 dodgers
n.躲闪者，欺瞒者( dodger的名词复数 )
参考例句：
a crackdown on fare dodgers on trains 对火车逃票者的严厉打击 But Twain, Howells, and James were jeeringly described by Mencken as "draft-dodgers". 不过吐温、豪威尔斯和詹姆斯都是被门肯讥诮地叫做“逃避兵役的人。” 来自辞典例句

95 prerequisite
n.先决条件；adj.作为前提的，必备的
参考例句：
Stability and unity are a prerequisite to the four modernizations.安定团结是实现四个现代化的前提。 It is a prerequisite of entry to the profession that you pass the exams.做这一行的先决条件是要通过了有关的考试。

96 shrouded
v.隐瞒( shroud的过去式和过去分词 )；保密
参考例句：
The hills were shrouded in mist . 这些小山被笼罩在薄雾之中。 The towers were shrouded in mist. 城楼被蒙上薄雾。来自《简明英汉词典》

97 uncertainty
n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物
参考例句：
Her comments will add to the uncertainty of the situation.她的批评将会使局势更加不稳定。 After six weeks of uncertainty,the strain was beginning to take its toll.6个星期的忐忑不安后，压力开始产生影响了。

98 revert
v.恢复，复归，回到
参考例句：
Let us revert to the earlier part of the chapter.让我们回到本章的前面部分。 Shall we revert to the matter we talked about yesterday?我们接着昨天谈过的问题谈，好吗？

99 joint
adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合
参考例句：
I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤，肩膀脫臼了。 We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。

100 aloofness
超然态度
参考例句：
Why should I have treated him with such sharp aloofness? 但我为什么要给人一些严厉，一些端庄呢？来自汉英文学 - 中国现代小说 He had an air of haughty aloofness. 他有一种高傲的神情。来自辞典例句

101 mythical
adj.神话的；虚构的；想像的
参考例句：
Undeniably,he is a man of mythical status.不可否认，他是一个神话般的人物。 Their wealth is merely mythical.他们的财富完全是虚构的。

102 intimacies
亲密( intimacy的名词复数 )；密切；亲昵的言行；性行为
参考例句：
He is exchanging intimacies with his friends. 他正在和密友们亲切地交谈。 The stiffness of the meeting soon gave way before their popular manners and more diffused intimacies. 他们的洒脱不羁和亲密气氛的增加很快驱散了会场上的拘谨。

103 repertoire
n.(准备好演出的)节目，保留剧目；(计算机的)指令表，指令系统， <美>(某个人的)全部技能；清单，指令表
参考例句：
There is an extensive repertoire of music written for the flute.有很多供长笛演奏的曲目。 He has added considerably to his piano repertoire.他的钢琴演奏曲目大大增加了。

104 intentionally
ad.故意地，有意地
参考例句：
I didn't say it intentionally. 我是无心说的。 The local authority ruled that he had made himself intentionally homeless and was therefore not entitled to be rehoused. 当地政府裁定他是有意居无定所，因此没有资格再获得提供住房。

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