2004年英语专业八级考试全真试卷
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Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (40 min) 

In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.?

SECTION A TALK
Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions.
Now listen to the talk.
1.
A) the coordination2 based on individual actions      B) the number of individual participants?      C) the necessity of individual actions      D) the requirements for participants?   

2.
A) individual      B) combined      C) distinct      D) social?   

3.
A) the manner of language use   
B) the topic and content of speech?   
C) the interactions between speaker and audience   
D) the relationship between speaker and audience?   

4.
A) hide their real intentions   
B) voice others’ intentions?   
C) play double roles on and off stage   
D) only imitate other people in life?   

5.
A) the absence of spontaneity   
B) the presence of individual actions?   
C) the lack of real intentions   
D) the absence of audience??   

SECTION B INTERVIEW

Questions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions.
Now listen to the interview.
6.
A) Students worked very hard.   
B) Students felt they needed a second degree.?   
C) Education was not career?oriented.   
D) There were many specialized4 subjects.?   

7.
A) To turn out an adequate number of elite5 for the society.?   
B) To prepare students for their future career.?   
C) To offer practical and utilitarian6 courses in each programme.?   
D) To set up as many technical institutions as possible.?   

8.
A) require good education   
B) are secondary to education?   
C) don’t call for good education   
D) don’t conflict with education?   

9.
A) Shifting from one programme to another.   
B) Working out ways to reduce student number.?   
C) Emphasizing better quality of education.   
D) Setting up stricter examination standards.?   

10.
A) those who can adapt to different professions   
B) those who have a high flexibility7 of mind?   
C) those who are thinkers, historians and philosophers   
D) those who possess only highly specialized skills??

SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST 

Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the questions.
Now listen to the news.

11. Which of the following regions in the world will witness the sharpest
drop in life expectancy8?? 
A) Latin America.   
B) Sub?Saharan Africa.?   
C) Asia.   
D) The Caribbean.?   

12. According to the news, which country will experience small life expectancy drop?? 
A) Burma.   
B) Botswana.   
C) Cambodia.   
D) Thailand.?   

13. The countries that are predicted to experience negative population growth are mainly in ____? 
A) Asia.   
B) Africa.   
C) Latin America.   
D) The Caribbean.??   

14. The trade dispute between the European Union and the US was caused by ____.? 
A) US refusal to accept arbitration9 by WTO   
B) US imposing10 tariffs11 on European steel?   
C) US refusal to pay compensation to EU   
D) US refusal to lower import duties on EU products?   

15. Who will be consulted first before the EU list is submitted to WTO?? 
A) EU member states.   
B) The United States.?   
C) WTO.   
D) The steel corporations.??

SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING

In this section you will hear a mini?lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15?minute gap?filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini lecture. Use the blank sheet for note taking.


Part Ⅱ Proofreading13 and Error Correction (15 min)

The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread12 the passage and correct it in the following way:
For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.?
For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.?
For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash14 “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.??

Example?
When ∧ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an
it never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never
them on the wall. When a natural history museum?
wants an [ZZ(Z]exhibition[ZZ)], it must often build it. (3)exhibit?
Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.

  
One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congress?
is the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - either?
standing15 committees, special committees set for a specific (1)____?
purpose, or joint16 committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)____?
Investigations17 are held to gather information on the need for?
future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,?
to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and?
officials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)____?
groundwork for impeachment18 proceedings19. Frequently, committees?
rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)____?
and to make out detailed20 studies of issues. (5)____?
There are important corollaries to the investigative power. One?
is the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most (6)____?
committee hearings are open to public and are reported (7)____?
widely in the mass media. Congressional investigations?
nevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)____?
to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues.
(9)____?
Congressional committees also have the power to compel?
testimony21 from unwilling22 witnesses, and to cite for contempt?
of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury23?
these who give false testimony. (10)____

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (30 min)  (开始Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (30 min)计时)

In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple?choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.

  
TEXT A
Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations24. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies25 in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts27. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to “promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations”. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November’s mid29?term elections.?
Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow jus
t enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked30 with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It’s not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda’s Minister of Finance. “What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.”?
Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie?in?the?sky speculation31. The biggest success in Kenya’s economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the “least?developed country” status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors33 also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon34 to Africa’s manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper35 if the rich world gives it a fair go.?
This is what makes Bush’s decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the
more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges rade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and
textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush’s handout26 last month makes a lie of America’s commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.?

16. By comparison, farmers ____ receive more government subsidies than others.?

A) in the developing world   
B) in Japan   
C) in Europe   
D) in America?   

17. In addition to the economic considerations, there is a ____ motive36 behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.?

A) partisan   
B) social   
C) financial   
D) cultural?   

18. The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that ____.?

A) poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?   
B) “the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries?   
C) poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization?   
D) farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies   

19. The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is ____.?

A) favourable   
B) ambiguous   
C) critical   
D) reserved??   


TEXT BOscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do. If so, Americans are now among the world’s saddest refugees. Factory workers in the United States are working longer hours than at any time in the past half?century. America once led the rich world in cutting the average working week—from 70 hours in 1850 to less than 40 hours by the 1950s. It seemed natural that as people grew richer they would trade extra earnings38 for more leisure. Since the 1970s, however, the hours clocked up by American workers have risen, to an average of 42 this year in manufacturing.?Several studies suggest that something similar is happening outside manufacturing: Americans are spending more time at work than they did 20 years ago. Executives and lawyers boast of 80?hour weeks. On holiday, they seek out fax machines and phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sun?loungers. Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall. In Germany’s engineering industry the working week is to be trimmed from 36 to 35 hours next year. Most Germans get six weeks’ paid annual holiday; even the Japanese now take three weeks. Americans still make do with just two.?Germany responds to this contrast with its usual concern about whether people’s aversion to work is damaging its competitiveness. Yet German workers, like the Japanese, seem to be acting39 sensibly: as their incomes rise, they can achieve a better standard of living with fewer hours of work. The puzzle is why America, the world’s richest country, sees things differently. It is a puzzle with sinistersocial implications. Parents spend less time with their children, who may be left alone at home for longer. Is it just a coincidence that juvenile40 crime is on the rise??Some explanations for America’s time at work fail to stand up to scrutiny41. One blames weak trade unions that leave workers open to exploitation. Are workers being forced by cost?cutting firms to toil42 harder just to keep their jobs? A recent study by two American economists43, Richard Freeman and Linda Bell, suggests not: when asked, Americans actually want to work longer hours. Most German workers, in contrast, would rather work less.?Then, why do Americans want to work harder? One reason may be that the real earnings of many Americans have been stagnant44 or falling during the past two decades. People work longer merely to maintain their living standards. Yet many higher?skilled workers, who have enjoyed big increases in their real pay, have been working harder too. Also, one reason for the slow growth of wages has been the rapid growth in employment—which is more or less where the argument began.?Taxes may have something to do with it. People who work an extra hour in America are allowed to keep more of their money than those who do the same in Germany. Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the 1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer.?None of these answers really explains why the century?long decline in working hours has gone into reverse in America but not elsewhere (though Britain shows signs of following America’s lead). Perhaps cultural differences—the last refuge of the defeated economist—are at play. Economists used to believe that once workers earned enough to provide for their basic needs and allow for a few luxuries, their incentive45 to work would be eroded46, like lions relaxing after a kill. But humans are more susceptible47 to advertising48 than lions. Perhaps clever marketing49 has ensured that “basic needs”—for a shower with built?in TV, for a rocket?propelled car—expand continuously. Shopping is already one of America’s most popular pastimes. But it requires money—hence more work and less leisure.?Or try this: the television is not very good, and baseball and hockey keep being wiped out by strikes. Perhaps Wilde was right. Maybe Americans have nothing better to do.?
20. In the United States, working longer hours is ____.?

A) confined to the manufacturing industry   
B) a traditional practice in some sectors?   
C) prevalent in all sectors of society   
D) favoured by the economists?   

21. According to the third paragraph, which might be one of the consequences of working longer hours??

A) Rise in employees’ working efficiency.   
B) Rise in the number of young offenders50.?   
C) Rise in people’s living standards.   
D) Rise in competitiveness.?   

22. Which of the following is the cause of working longer hours stated by
the writer??


A) Expansion of basic needs.   
B) Cultural differences.?   
C) Increase in real earnings.   
D) Advertising.??   


TEXT CThe fox really exasperated51 them both. As soon as they had let the fowls52 out, inthe early summer mornings, they had to take their guns and keep guard; and thenagain as soon as evening began to mellow53, they must go once more. And he was so sly. He slid along in the deep grass; he was difficult as a serpent to see. And he seemed to circumvent54 the girls deliberately55. Once or twice March had caught sight of the white tip of his brush, or the ruddy shadow of him in the deep grass, and she had let fire at him. But he made no account of this.?The trees on the wood?edge were a darkish, brownish green in the full light—for it was the end of August. Beyond, the naked, copper56?like shafts57 and limbs of the pine trees shone in the air. Nearer the rough grass, with its long, brownish stalks all agleam, was full of light. The fowls were round about—the ducks were still swimming on the pond under the pine trees. March looked at it all, saw it all, and did not see it. She heard Banford speaking to the fowls in the distance—and she did not hear. What was she thinking about? Heaven knows. Her consciousness was, as it were, held back.?She lowered her eyes, and suddenly saw the fox. He was looking up at her. His chin was pressed down, and his eyes were looking up. They met her eyes. And he knew her. She was spellbound—she knew he knew her. So he looked into her eyes, and her soul failed her. He knew her, he has not daunted58.?She struggled, confusedly she came to herself, and saw him making off, with slow leaps over some fallen boughs59, slow, impudent60 jumps. Then he glanced over his shoulder, and ran smoothly61 away. She saw his brush held smooth like a feather, she saw his white buttocks twinkle. And he was gone, softly, soft as the wind.?She put her gun to her shoulder, but even then pursed her mouth, knowing it was nonsense to pretend to fire. So she began to walk slowly after him, in the direction he had gone, slowly, pertinaciously62. She expected to find him. In her heart she was determined63 to find him. What she would do when she saw him again she did not consider. But she was determined to find him. So she walked abstractedly about on the edge of the wood, with wide, vivid dark eyes, and a faint flush in her cheeks. She did not think. In strange mindlessness she walked hither and thither64...?As soon as supper was over, she rose again to go out, without saying why.?She took her gun again and went to look for the fox. For he had lifted his eyesupon her, and his knowing look seemed to have entered her brain. She did not somuch think of him: she was possessed65 by him. She saw his dark, shrewd, unabashedeye looking into her, knowing her. She felt him invisibly master her spirit. She knew the way he lowered his chin as he looked up, she knew his muzzle66, the golden brown, and the greyish white. And again she saw him glance over his shoulder at her, half inviting67, half contemptuous and cunning. So she went, with her great startled eyes glowing, her gun under her arm, along the wood edge. Meanwhilethe night fell, and a great moon rose above the pine trees.?
23. At the beginning of the story, the fox seems to the all EXCEPT ____.?

A) cunning   
B) fierce   
C) defiant   
D) annoying?   

24. As the story proceeds, March begins to feel under the spell of ____.?

A) the light   
B) the trees   
C) the night   
D) the fox?   

25. Gradually March seems to be in a state of ____.?

A) blankness   
B) imagination   
C) sadness   
D) excitement?   

26. At the end of the story, there seems to be a sense of ____ between March and the fox.?

A) detachment   
B) anger   
C) intimacy   
D) conflict?   

27. The passage creates an overall impression of ____.?

A) mystery   
B) horror   
C) liveliness   
D) contempt??   


TEXT DThe banners are packed, the tickets booked. The glitter and white overalls68 havebeen bought, the gas masks just fit and the mobile phones are ready. All that remains69 is to get to the parties.?This week will see a feast of pan?European protests. It started on Bastille Day, last Saturday, with the French unions and immigrants on the streets and the first demonstrations70 in Britain and Germany about climate change. It will continue tomorrow and Thursday with environmental and peace rallies against President Bush. But the big one is in Genoa, on Friday and Saturday, where the G8 leaders will meet behind the lines of 18,000 heavily armed police.?Unlike Prague, Gothenburg, Cologne or Nice, Genoa is expected to be Europe’s Seattle, the coming together of the disparate strands71 of resistance to corporate72 globalisation.?Neither the protesters nor the authorities know what will happen, but some things are predictable. Yes, there will be violence and yes, the mass media will focus on it. What should seriously concern the G8 is not so much the violence, the numbers in the streets or even that they themselves look like idiots hiding behind the barricades73, but that the deep roots of a genuine new version of internationalism are growing.?For the first time in a generation, the international political and economic condition is in the dock. Moreover, the protesters are unlikely to go away, their confidence is growing rather than waning74, their agendas are merging75, the protests are spreading and drawing in all ages and concerns.?No single analysis has drawn76 all the strands of the debate together. In the meantime, the global protest “movement” is developing its own language, texts, agendas, myths, heroes and villains77. Just as the G8 leaders, world bodies and businesses talk increasingly from the same script, so the protesters’ once disparatepolitical and social analyses are converging78. The long?term project of governments and world bodies to globalise capital and development is being mirrored by the globalisation of protest.?But what happens next? Governments and world bodies are unsure which way to turn. However well they are policed, major protests reinforce the impression of indifferent elites79, repression80 of debate, overreaction to dissent81, injustice82 and unaccountable power.?Their options—apart from actually embracing the broad agenda being put to them—are to retreat behind even higher barricades, repress dissent further, abandon global meetings altogether or, more likely, meet only in places able to physically83 resist the masses.?Brussels is considering building a super fortress84 for international meetings. Genoa may be the last of the European super?protests.?
28. According to the context, the word “parties” at the end of the first paragraph refers to ____.?

A) the meeting of the G8 leaders   
B) the protests on Bastille Day?   
C) the coming pan?European protests   
D) the big protest to be held in Genoa?   

29. According to the passage, economic globalisation is paralleled by ____.?

A) the emerging differences in the global protest movement?   
B) the disappearing differences in the global protest movement?   
C) the growing European concern about globalisation?   
D) the increase in the number of protesters?   

30. According to the last paragraph, what is Brussels considering doing??

A) Meeting in places difficult to reach.   
B) Further repressing dissent.?   
C) Accepting the protesters’ agenda.   
D) Abandoning global meetings.   

(结束Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (30 min)计时) 

SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING (10 MIN)  (开始SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING (10 MIN)计时)

In this section there are seven passages with ten multiple?choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.

  
TEXT E First read the question. 31.The main purpose of the passage is to ____.? A.demonstrate how to prevent crime B.show the seriousness of crime? C.look into the causes of crime D.call for more government efforts? Now go through TEXT E quickly to answer question 31.? For three weeks, every night at 11 p.m., correspondents, officers and judges from justice courts, police departments and prisons, psychiatrists85, criminologists, victims and even criminals in prisons made their appearance on TV to debate on a topic “Crime in the United States”.? Indeed, crime has been disturbing the American people and has become a serious social problem just next to the unemployment problem. Some figures are terrifying : 1 of 4 Americans has been a victim of some kind of crimes; nearly 22 million crimecases occurred last year throughout the country. A simple arithmetic calculation indicates that on average, a crime is being committed in every 2 seconds. Now the Americans are living in a horrible environment. Their safety and property are threatened by various crimes: robbery, theft, rape86, kidnapping, murder, arson87, vandalism and violence.? The most worrisome problem comes from the fact that about one?third of crime cases were committed by the juvenile and 53% of criminals in jails are youngsters below 25. A poll indicates that about 73% of citizens said they avoided teenagers in streets, especially at night.? To protect themselves from crime, according to a released figure, 52% of Americans keep guns at home. But some gun owners turn out to be potential criminals. Some people demand that strict law for gun control be enforced; but others oppose the ban of gun. No decision is in sight.? Some experts said poverty, unemployment and racial discrimination are the cause of crime. They cited figures to show that 47% of crime cases were committed by t he black, though they account for only about 12% of the population of the nation . Others argued that about 54% of convicted criminals came from families associated with these evils.? The American state government and federal government spend billions of dollars each year in maintaining the police departments and jails. But police authorities complain that they have not sufficient well?trained hands and advanced equipment to detect and stop crimes. Several cases of criminal insurgence88 were reported as a result of resentment89 at overcrowded prisons. Taxpayers90 complain that they pay more and more tax but receive less and less protection from crime for their lives and property.? Though the host of the live TV programme made great efforts to search for a solution, so far no participant could put forward a measure that was approved by most of the attendants.
31. The main purpose of the passage is to ____.? 

A) demonstrate how to prevent crime   
B) show the seriousness of crime?   
C) look into the causes of crime   
D) call for more government efforts   


TEXT F First read the question.? 32.What is the main topic of the following passage?? A.Differences between modes of learning.? B.Deficiencies of formal learning.? C.Advantages of informal learning.? D.Social context and learning systems.? Now go through TEXT F quickly to answer question 32.? The term “formal learning” is used in this paper to refer to all learning that takes place in the classroom, irrespective of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies91. “Informal learning”, on the other hand, is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom.? These definitions provide the essential, though by no means sole, difference bet ween formal and informal learning. Formal learning is decontextualised from daily life and, indeed, as Scribner and Cole (1973:553) have observed, may actually “promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those nurtured92 in practical daily life”. A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities that are not closely paralleled by activities outside the classroom. The classroom can prepare for, draw on, and imitate the challenges of adult life outside the classroom, but it cannot, by its nature, consist of these challenges.? In doing this, language plays a critical role as the major channel for information exchange. “Success” in the classroom requires a student to master this abstract code. As Bernstein (1969:152) noted93, the language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by middle?class families than that used by working?class families. Middle?class children thus find it easier to acquire the language of the classroom than their working?class peers.? Informal learning, in contrast, occurs in the setting to which it relates, making learning immediately relevant. In this context, language does not occupy such an important role: the child’s experience of learning is more holistic94, involving sight, touch, taste, and smell—senses that are under?utilised in the classroom.?While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child’s development. Adults or older children who are proficient95 in the skill or activity provide - sometime s unintentionally - target models of behaviour in the course of everyday activity. Informal learning, therefore, can take place at any time and is not subject to the limitations imposed by institutional timetabling.? The motivation of the learner provides another critical difference between the two modes of learning. The formal learner is generally motivated by some kind of external goal such as parental96 approval, social status, and potential financial reward. The informal learner, however, tends to be motivated by successful completion of the task itself and the partial acquisition of adult status.
32. What is the main topic of the following passage?? 

A) Differences between modes of learning.?   
B) Deficiencies of formal learning.?   
C) Advantages of informal learning.?   
D) Social context and learning systems.?   


TEXT G First read the question. 33.The three approaches mentioned in the passage aim at ____.? A.restructuring economy? B.improving the tax system? C.improving the living conditions? D.reducing poverty? Now go through TEXT G quickly to answer question 33. As a rule, it is essential that the poor’s productive capabilities97 be mobilized and the conditions for developing these human resources be improved. In this con1 nection, German development policy has developed the following three approaches: ? — Structural98 reform: Structural reform is the preferred approach for reducing poverty because it eliminates the causes of poverty rather than just its symptoms. It is vital that economic, political and social conditions which can alleviate99 poverty be established at national and international levels. Efforts at international level focus on fair conditions for international trade and competition. At national level, the poor must be helped through structural reform such as the introduction of democratic government, options for independent private enterprise, decentralization and agricultural reform. Development policy tools for realizing such reforms include political dialogue, political advisory100 services, structural adjustment measures and personnel and material support for reform efforts in the government, business and administrative101 sectors.?— Direct measures: Projects of this category are aimed at directly helping102 the poor and improving their living conditions or increasing their job options and earning potential. Of special importance are those projects which provide help for self?help in reducing poverty. The material support and advisory services offered by these projects reinforce the poor’s will to help themselves and help eable them to lead self?sufficient lives. Typical direct aid projects include the construction of simple housing by self?help groups, the creation of a savings103 and loan system for the poorer segments of society and support for women’s self?help organizations.? —Indirect measures: A project’s beneficiaries - its target group - are not only often difficult to identify clearly, they are also not necessarily all poor people. In these cases, the project in question must be integrated into one of the partner nation’s overall or sector32?specific policies that aim at reducing poverty. A good illustration of this type of project is the use of advisory services to improve the tax system. Advising and upgrading the qualifications of personnel working in the fiscal104 system can lead to increased tax revenues which could be allocated105 for anti?poverty measures. In keeping with this focus, German development assistance concentrates on the poorest nations and on projects to reduce poverty. In 1993, some 10 percent of the commitments Germany made for bilateral106 financial and technical assistance went to self?help projects aimed at reducing poverty. Basic needs projects comprised 48 percent of all projects and almost 30 percent of the commitments made for financial and technical assistance were allocated for the world’s least developed countries (LDCs).
33. The three approaches mentioned in the passage aim at ____.? 

A) restructuring economy?   
B) improving the tax system?   
C) improving the living conditions?   
D) reducing poverty?   


TEXT H First read the question. 34.What is the following passage mainly concerned with?? A.Educational facilities in Africa.? B.Founding a university for women.? C.Agricultural production in Zimbabwe.? D.Women’s role in agricultural production.? Now go through TEXT H quickly to answer question 34. Access to education facilities is inadequate107 in sub?Saharan Africa. And women and girls there face greater disadvantages. They are often denied education as customs dictate108 they marry early and have children.? Two Zimbabwean academics plan to open a university to help African women whose education was interrupted by either family commitments or financial constraints109. The university will initially110 be in Harare, but will be relocated to Marondera, 80 kilometres east. The academics, Hope Sadza, former deputy commissioner111 of Zimbabwe’s Public Service Commission and Fay Chung, former Minister of Education, are to open the university this month. It will initially have 400 students.? Students will be split into groups of 100 and placed in one of four faculties112: social science, agriculture, environmental studies or science and technology. The university is for women aged113 25 or older.? The need for a university for women is more acute in Africa, where women are the poorest and most disadvantaged. When they do have access to education they often must endure sexual harassment114. Most women drop out because they lack educational materials or the schools are inaccessible115.? “In Africa, women till the land and produce the bulk of the food, yet they have no understanding about marketing,” Sadza siad. “Agriculture is another area w here we can empower women.”? The university will have a 285?hectare farm and courses will include agricultural production and marketing.? Women account for 80 per cent of Africa’s agricultural production, but have no control over either the resources or policies.? The university since August has raised about Z$32.5 million (US$591,000) in donations and pledges. The university will be open to students from across Africa. It will be the second women’s university - after Sudan’s Ahfad University - in Africa.
34. What is the following passage mainly concerned with?? 

A) Educational facilities in Africa.?   
B) Founding a university for women.?   
C) Agricultural production in Zimbabwe.?   
D) Women’s role in agricultural production.?   


TEXT I First read the questions. 35.Which president advocated the lifting of the ban on women teachers?? A.Xu Yangqiu. B.Wu Yifang. C.Tao Xingzhi. D.Chen Heqin.? 36.What is Guo Juefu?? A.A painter. B.A poet. C.A biologist. D.A psychologist.? Now go through TEXT I quickly to answer questions 35 and 36. Many presidents of the century?old Nanjing Normal University (NJNU) have put forward insightful and inspiring education theories and practices, which have had a far?reaching impact on China’s education history.? Jiang Qian and Guo Bingwen proposed a school?running principle that advocated the balance between versatility116 and specialization, liberal arts and sciences.? Tao Xingzhi, a well?known educator, carried out many important reforms in the university. For the first time in China, he advocated the lifting of the ban on women teachers and opened adult training classes in summer vacations.? Wu Yifang, China’s first woman university president, emphasized normal education, regarding it as the parent engine and heavy industry of education.? Chen Heqin established a Chinese?style and scientific theory for modern educati on for children.? There have also been many noted scholars and artists.? Educator Xu Yangqiu was one of China’s earliest scholars to study American education theory.? Professor Luo Bingwen devoted117 himself to normal education theory and Chinese and foreign education history, advocating that teachers should be models of virtue118 for the students so that their behaviour guides the students.? Psychologist Guo Juefu is an important figure in China’s psychological history. China Psychological History〖WTBZ〗, a book he authored, has made its mark in international psychological circles.?Zhang Daqian, a well?known master of traditional Chinese painting, advised his students to read books systematically119 and selectively to rid themselves of worldliness, fickleness120 and pedantry121. Zhang also pointed122 out that success comes largely from one’s own endeavours, but partly from circumstance.? Sun Wang, a poet versed123 in the poems popular in the Tang Dynasty (AD 618?907), told students to map out a long?term schedule for their studies and to work to wards37 fulfillment of their goal phase by phase.? Biologist Chen Bangjie overcame formidable difficulties to collect plant specimen124 and became ?China’s? father of bryology. Generations of talented educators have given Nanjing Normal University a fine reputation.
35. Which president advocated the lifting of the ban on women teachers?? 

A) Xu Yangqiu.   
B) Wu Yifang.   
C) Tao Xingzhi.   
D) Chen Heqin.?   

36. What is Guo Juefu?? 

A) A painter.   
B) A poet.   
C) A biologist.   
D) A psychologist.?   


TEXT J First read the questions. 37.The Chicago GSB M.B.A. Programme for Executives is scheduled to be completed within ____.? A.22 months B.20 months? C.16 weeks D.14 weeks? 38.If you are in Malaysia, when is your attendance date?? A.January 17??th?. B.January 15??th?.? C.January 29??th?. D.February 27??th?.? Now go through TEXT J quickly to answer questions 37 and 38. CHICAGO?Worldwide campuses.?World?renowned125 faculty126.?World?class M.B.A. degree.? A world of opportunity. Limitless, lifelong opportunity awaits you when you attend the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, and now you can do so from anywhere in the world.? Experience international business firsthand at the only top?ranked graduate school with campuses worldwide. The Chicago GSB M.B.A. Programme for Executives spreads 16 weeks of class sessions over 20 months so you can earn this renowned degree without leaving your job or relocating. Base your studies in Singapore; then collaborate127 with executives at our Chicago and Barcelona campuses. Learn not just the business theories of today but the business framework of tomorrow from the most acclaimed128 faculty in the world. Establish a global network of accomplished129 peers. And benefit for the rest of your life from the leadership training, the thinking, the relationships that become yours at Chicago GSB.? If you are a top?level manager seeking an unparalleled general management education, apply to the Chicago GSB M.B.A. Programme for Executives.?And be among those who shape the future.? The University of Chicago Graduate School of Business? Where world?class leaders emerge.? Chicago GSB / Asia Campus? 101 Penang Road, Singapore 238466? telephone 65 238 2196〓fax 65 835 6483?email singapore.inquiries@gsb.uchicago.edu? www.gsb.uchicago.edu/execMBASia Please reserve your attendance by fax or email.? Jakarta 15/Jan,Tuesday? The Grand Hyatt Hotel 19:00-21:30? Manila 24/Jan,Tuesday Taipei The Shangri?La Edsa Plaza130 19:00-21:30 The Grand Formosa Regent? Hotel Hotel? 17/Jan,Tuesday Kuala Lumpur 19/Feb,Tuesday? 19:00-21:30 The Regent Hotel 19:00-21:30? 29/Jan,Tuesday? Bangkok 19:00-21:30 Singapore? The Grand Hyatt Erawan Hotel GSB Asia Campus? 22/Jan,Tuesday Hong Kong 27/Feb,Tuesday? 19:00-21:30 The Mandarin131 Oriental Hotel 19:00-21:30? 05/Feb,Tuesday? Tokyo 19:00-21:30? The Imperial Hotel
37. The Chicago GSB M.B.A. Programme for Executives is scheduled to be completed within ____.? 

A) 22 months   
B) 20 months?   
C) 16 weeks   
D) 14 weeks?   

38. If you are in Malaysia, when is your attendance date?? 

A) January 17??th?.   
B) January 15??th?.?   
C) January 29??th?.   
D) February 27??th?.?   


TEXT K First read the questions. 39.Who has written Cultural Amnesia132: America’s Future and the Crisis of Memory?? A.Michael G.Zey. B.Stephen Bertman.? C.Don Tapscott, et al. D.Marvin Cetron et al.? 40.Which book is a collection of papers?? A.Digital Capital: Harnessing the Power of Business Webs.? B.Cheating Death: The Promise and the Future Impact of Trying to Live Forever.? C.The Future Factor: The Five Forces Transforming Our Lives and Shaping Human De stiny.? D.The University in Transformation133: Global Perspectives on the Future of the Uni versity.? Now go through TEXT K quickly to answer questions 39 and 40. Digital Capital: Harnessing the Power of Business Webs? by Don Tapscott, David Ticoll, and Alex Lowy.? Harvard Business School Press. 2000. 272 pages. Electronic business webs have demolished134 the rules of competition. Innovative135 partnerships136 of digitally linked producers, suppliers, service providers, and customers are accelerating productivity and generating wealth in entirely137 new ways. This book offers a behind?the?scenes look at success stories such as Linux, eBay, and Cisco, and provides a step?by?step process for implementing138 an effective business?web strategy.? Regular Price:$27.50? The University in Transformation: Global Perspectives on the Future of the University edited by Sohail Inayatullah and Jennifer Gidley.? Bergin & Garvey/Greenwood Publishing Group. 2000. 270 pages.? This anthology of essays from scholars around the world describes how the forces of technology and economic globalization may alter what we think of as higher education. Topics include the virtual university, paying for college, feminist139 a lternative universities, the role of corporations in higher education,and the ri se of “multiversities”.? Regular Price:$65.00? The Future Factor: The Five Force Transforming Our Lives and Shaping Human Destiny by Michael G.Zey.? McGraw?Hill. 2000. 289 pages. This optimistic vision of the human future argues that unprecedented140 opportuniti es for growth are emerging from breathtaking innovations in biotechnology, comput ing, robotics, medicine, energy development, and space technology. Powerful new forces altering society and the global economy include cybergenesis, the merging of humans and smart machines, and biogenesis, the harnessing of genetic141 technol ogies to improve ourselves.? Regular Price: $24.95? Cheating Death: The Promise and the Future Impact of Trying to Live Forever? by Marvin Cetron and Owen Davies.? St. Martin’s Press. 1998. 224 pages. With advances in medicine and new gene28 research, the human life?span could exte nd hundreds of years. But a future of billions of people “cheating death” coul d have devastating142 impacts on societies, the economy, the environment, and fami ly life.? Regular Price: $21.95? Cultural Amnesia: America’s Future and the Crisis of Memory? by Stephen Bertman.? Praeger. 2000. 176 pages. American society is losing its memory: 60% of American adults cannot name the pr esident who ordered the dropping of the first atomic bomb, and 42% of college se niors cannot place the Civil War in the correct half of the nineteenth century. This loss of culture memory, as insidious143 as Alzheimer’s disease, eats away at t he soul of the nation, says Bertman, author of ?Hyperculture?. He argues that, t o build a culture worthy144 of the future, Americans need to move away from their m aterialistic, present?oriented lives and get more in touch with other dimension s of time.? Regular Price: $35.00
39. Who has written Cultural Amnesia: America’s Future and the Crisis of Memory?? 

A) Michael G.Zey.   
B) Stephen Bertman.?   
C) Don Tapscott, et al.   
D) Marvin Cetron et al.?   

40. Which book is a collection of papers?? 
A) Digital Capital: Harnessing the Power of Business Webs.?      B) Cheating Death: The Promise and the Future Impact of Trying to Live Forever.?      C) The Future Factor: The Five Forces Transforming Our Lives and Shaping Human De stiny.?      D) The University in Transformation: Global Perspectives on the Future of the University.?   

Part Ⅳ Translation (60 min)

SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH?
Translate the underlined part of the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.

在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。人是很有趣的,往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候,印象很好。吃头两个主菜时,也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈趋于冷静,吃完了这顿宴席,缺点就都找出来了。于是转喜为怒,转赞美为责备挑剔,转首肯为摇头。这是因为,第一,开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态,而饿了吃糠甜如蜜,饱了吃蜜也不甜。第二,你初到一个餐馆,开始举筷时有新鲜感,新盖的茅房三天香,这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。

SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE

Translate the underlined part of the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.

For me the most interesting thing about a solitary145 life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness.? I’m lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a brea k, when fro the time being I feel empty ad need filling up. And I am lonely somet imes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of peopl e and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sor ted3 out.? Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my se lf is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it were a person.? It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment co mes when the worlds falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconsc ious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly un derstood.

Part Ⅴ Writing (60min)

It was reported in the press some time ago that a few second-and third-year students in a provincial146 university decided147 to try their hands at business in order to get prepared for the future. They opened six small shops near their university. Their teachers and classmates had different opinions about this phenomenon. Some thought that the students’ business experience would help them adapt better to society after graduation, while others held a negative view, saying that running shops might occupy too much of the students’ time and energy which should otherwise be devoted to their academic study. What do you think? Write a composition of about 300 words on the following topic:

Should University Students Go in for Business?? In the first part of your writing you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should brig what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.? Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.


A GUIDE TO TEM-8 英语专业八级考试题型分析与应试技巧

听力理解(Listening Comprehension)

题型分析与应试技巧

英语专业八级考试的听力理解部分包括四个项目:Section A,Section B,Section C与Section D。前三项,考试时间共20分钟。    ?

Section A:Talk ?

Section B:Conversation or Interview?

    Section C:News Broadcast?

    以上各项均由五道选择题组成。每道选择题后有15秒间隙。要求学生从试卷所给的四

个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。录音语速为每分钟140—170词。?

    Section D:Note-taking and Gap-filling?

本项目是由一个700词左右的讲座组成。要求学生边听边做笔记。然后作填空练习。考试时间约20分钟,其中听录音时间约为5分钟,答题时间为15分钟。?

针对八级考试听力部分的特点,我们可以从局部理解和整体理解两个方面加以探讨。综观八级考试的听力考题,我们可以发现所有的试题类型都是由what, who, where, when, why 和 how所包括的内容,即事件、人物、地点、时间、原因和方式构成的。八级考试听力材料长短不一,或针对某一现象进行叙述,或根据某一事件展开对话(面试或访谈)。考生必须在一个大情景下抓住事情的要点和事件的发展线索后才能答题。大多数英语专业学生具有良好的听力基本功,他们需要提高的是听力的广度和深度,因此,考生在日常的学习生活中必须有意识地多听多练。同时,我们建议同学们在练习听力时注意以下几个问题:?

  

选择适当的听力材料

实际上,“听”和“说”不分家的原则也体现在英语专业八级考试中。八级考试听力均选自一般口语性较强、反映现代生活的英语资料。因此,考生可以集中精力多听一些大众媒介英语,进行实战演习。所选听力材料在难度上应低于阅读材料,因为读不懂的东西一般听不懂。来源于报刊、杂志、电影、电视的英语是听力练习的极好的材料。英语专业的学生,特别是高年级学生,可以通过看原版电影或听电影录音剪辑来练习听力。一般学校都会有丰富的音像资料,许多城市还专门开辟了英语电视频道,电视英语新闻对考生应付八级考试第三部分有很大的帮助。?

  

选用恰当的练习方法

练习听力时,大家可采取“精听”和“泛听”两种方式结合来训练自己,前者的重点在于深度,后者则注重广度。精听的目的在于从what, who, where, when, why 和 how等角度入手,弄懂与之有关的所有问题,即所有细节性问题;而泛听则是听懂大意即可。通过这两方面长期不懈的努力,考生最终能获得用英语进行思维的能力。如果能做到用英语思考问题,那么做对几道试题是不会有太多困难的,因为试题从广义上也就分为两大类,局部理解题和通篇理解题,前者属于我们精听的范畴,而后者则属于我们泛听的对象。听的目的在于懂,那么,如何衡量自己是否听懂了呢?一个行之有效的方法就是“复述”。我们在听完一个片段后,可将所听的内容重复一遍,如果具有较高的准确度,就说明真正听懂了;否则需要再听一遍,如果连听几遍还无法较为满意地复述,说明所听内容太难,应予以更换。?

与此同时,我们还应通过“读”帮助“听”,特别是在听新闻方面。与其他听力材料相比,

新闻具有其鲜明的特点。新闻的内容特别广泛,几乎覆盖我们生活的各个方面。听英语新闻

的最大一个障碍是对新闻词汇的生疏。因此,在学习听新闻的初级阶段,我们可以阅读一些

大众媒体文献,如报纸、刊物,从中积累一些新闻用语,一些重要组织的名称如EEC(Europ

ean Economic Community)欧洲经济共同体、IMF(International Monetary148 Fund)国际货

币基金会、OPEC(Organization of Petroleum149 Exporting Countries) 石油输出国组织、

NASA(National Aeronautics150 and Space Administration)国家航空和航天局;单词如upsur

ge(高涨)、manoeuvre(策略)、escalation(升级)、allegation(断言)等等。对现

实生活各个领域的词汇都略知一二是听懂新闻的基础。新闻作为一种语言测试题型也是语言

在现实生活中真实运用的体现。在八级考试考试中,新闻的内容均为考生所熟悉的一般性政治、经济、娱乐等方面的信息,在题材上不会给考生造成障碍,其目的只是测试考生从VOA或BBC获取新闻的能力。与其他听力练习一样,提高听英语新闻的能力的唯一途径也是多听。在英语新闻听力训练初级阶段,考生可借助有文字稿的教材帮助训练。考生在训练时应提倡首先在不看文字材料的情况下直接听录音答题,在多次不能听懂时再看文字稿。经过一段时间这样的训练后,多数同学的听力能力都能有明显提高。在达到完全脱稿就能基本听懂新闻的要求后,考生可过渡到定时定量收听英语新闻的练习。练习时还要注意我们在前面提到的一个问题,即听懂是一个方面,如果能做到在听懂后能将一则新闻的重要细节和大意在脑海里回顾一遍或复述一遍,这对我们听力能力达到质的飞跃有极大的帮助。倘若坚持“听”与“复述”相结合的练习,对大家的听力及用英语进行思维的能力有很大的提高。?

八级考试听力第四部分是一个将听力和做笔记填空结合的题型。该项目是一个700字左右的讲座,考生边听边做笔记,然后完成填空练习。听讲座记笔记是学生学习生活不可缺少的环节,这一题型正是考察学生根据听力材料做笔记并整理笔记完成工作的能力。八级听力第四部分这一题型实际上分为理解、找出要点、笔录和填空等步骤。值得注意的是考试中考生所需要填空的单词均是有关讲座内容的实词,而不是语法功能词,因为该项目的测试目的是考察考生对讲座内容的理解。考生在平时训练时可选择听一些就某一问题进行探讨、有一定深度的录音材料,一边听一边就重要的情节做笔记,然后根据笔记写出一篇摘要。考生如果能成功地做到这一点,就无须担心考试中的这一题型,因为考试中考生用于填空的文字材料也就是基于听力录音的一篇内容摘要。?

以上谈到的是考生必须在平时打下牢固的语言基础,下面再让我们看一下考试过程中应注意的一些技巧。?

  

1.预读考题

听力与语法、阅读不同,语法、阅读可以读完再回读,但听力的内容是暂时、一次性的,因此学会抓要点、关键词,以意群为单位理解全文,就变得相当重要。在八级听力测试部分中,问题都已印在考卷上,同时在各部分题目前都印有一段题目指令,磁带上也录有相应指令,由于每年考试这部分指令都基本相同,考生只要熟悉这些内容,就可以利用播放指令的这段时间,或利用两道题目之间的10秒停顿间隙,快速浏览一下已印在试卷上的问题和四个选择项,从而获取听音前的思考线索和对听音内容的背景提示,这样在听的过程中,就可以有针对性地有选择地听原文,从而抓住相关信息,滤除不相关的内容,减轻听的负担和记忆的负荷,以提高听的有效性,同时,通过阅读干扰项,多些背景提示,再分析四个选择项的异同,以此作为线索,听的时候,做到有的放矢。例如看到下面一题时,我们即可知道整个录音很可能与抢劫有关。?

What strikes the woman most about the male robber is his ____.?

    A. clothes  B. age  C. physique  D. appearance?

我们一旦获悉即将听到的一篇材料与抢劫有关的信息后,大脑就很自然地启动一些我们所储存的关于抢劫的信息,从而主动权就掌握在考生手里。反之,如果不进行试题预读,我们可能在听完全部材料的三分之一后才知道其中心议题是抢劫。这就是预读的重要性。不仅如此,我们还可以利用多余的答题时间来达到预读的目的。题与题之间一般有15秒的答题时间,如果考生只用5秒就做好了第一题,那么余下的10秒就可以用于预读第2题、第3题等。八级听力考试的四个部分中,只有第四部分考生不能预读,因为考生在做完笔录后才发给该部分答卷即ANSWER SHEET ONE。?

  

2.仔细审题

审题似乎是一个老生常谈的话题,但却是十分重要的问题。这里所说的审题并非指考生完全看不懂题目,而是指由于审题不仔细而捕捉不到问题的核心。我们来看看下面一道题:?  The modern electronic anti-noise devices ____.?

A. are an update version of the traditional methods?

B. share similarities with the traditional methods?

C. are as inefficient151 as the traditional methods?

D. are based on an entirely new working principle?

以上问题的核心在于领会 modern electronic anti-noise devices(现代抗噪音电子装置

)的定义,而不仅仅是抗噪音电子装置),更不是一般的 anti-noise devices(抗噪音装

置)。录音中很可能出现有关anti-noise device在各个不同发展时期不同特点的信息,如

果不认真审题,就会出现张冠李戴的错误。另外,审题的仔细还表现在领悟特殊形式的题干

,如否定式Which of the following is INCORRECT,或排除式All the following are true EXCEPT,等等。正确审题是答题的关键,否则听力能力再好的考生也不会有好的成绩。

  

3.领会讲话者的语气

听懂说话者的语气可帮助我们回答问题。这一点在八级考试听力第二部分(对话或面试)显得更为重要。例如,Well, I’m afraid I do. But I might be mistaken. 表示了说话者不肯定的语气。有时字面意思与说话者所要表达的意图相反,这时考生更多的是依赖讲话者的口气来答题。如,I’d be sacked if I accepted your offer.所表达的是拒绝。讲话的口气是多种多样的,它可以表达惊奇、犹豫、挑战、讽刺、安慰、决心等,正确领会它们能做到事半功倍。?

  

4.听与记录同时进行

考生可在听的过程中适当做些笔录因为仅凭脑力无法记住长达数分钟的讨论或对话。考生在记录时不必拘于形式,做一些只要自己能明白的简单符号记录即可,特别是众多的数字、时间、日期、人名、地名更需要我们做些笔记。而且,八级考试听力第四部分正是考察“听 和“记”的同步能力。?

八级考试听力第四部分记笔记填空是较为复杂的听力测试项目,有其自身特点,掌握这些特点对考生大有好处。该部分录音通常是一篇具有较强逻辑性的文章,从几个方面论证或叙述一个问题。因为考生须填空的词是基于整个问题要点及其重要细节的实词,所以考生在记笔记时应重点盯住这些内容,而非繁文褥节。举个例子,如果录音中出现了关于一个问题的三四个例证,如为了说明  fast  food而列举了  Kentucky  Fried  Chicken,McDonalds,Pizza Hut等等,考生最多记住一两个即可。另外,用于填空的词不一定非得是录音中出现的词,凡是在语义上与原文一致且语法上与填空短文相适应的单词均可。本书练习题该部分并不局限于书中所给出的答案,可能的答案也许有更多,大家可自行掌握。填空时,考生一定要注意所填单词的词性准确无误。我们发现,有的考生能找出一个意义相应的词,但不是很注意词性,因为该填动词的地方一定要填动词,如不能用intense来代替intensify。另外,倘若所填单词在句首,该单词首字母要大写。?

    最后,希望广大考生千万不要盲目信仰应试技巧而忽视语言基本能力的训练,因为技巧只不过是以扎实语言基本功为基础的一点儿辅助性的东西而已。??

  

校对与改错(Proofreading and Error Correction)

  

题型分析与应试技巧

校对与改错是英语专业八级考试的第二部分。该部分采用主观测试题型。该项目包含两个部分:答题要求和一篇要求修改的短文。答题要求部分说明修改短文的三种方法:加入、删去和改动某一单词,并举例说明。要求修改的短文长度为200字左右。短文的体裁和题材不超出学生所熟悉的范围。短文内含10个错误;错误都出现在标有题号的行内。错误一般涉及单个词;每行只出现一个错误。要求修改的单词既有功能词(如介词、冠词等),也有实义词(动词、名词等)。错误既涉及句内也涉及句际。?校对与改错部分的测试目的是检查学生在实际语境中灵活运用语言的能力。该项目考查学生的语法和词汇知识,但更侧重评估学生的综合语言能力。校对改错部分要求学生在15分钟内找出10个错误,并根据要求用三种方法之中的一种改正错误。?

这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识:?

  

1.语法知识

  

众所周知,英语语言能力包括众多因素,其中之一是语法知识。没有系统的语法知识,学习者就很难全面、准确地以口头或书面的形式表达思维或意念。对于把英语作为外语的学生来说,语法知识的掌握尤为重要,因为它有助于提高语言的准确性、逻辑性。鉴于此,校对改错项目的一个测试点是检验高年级学生语法知识的掌握程度及其运用能力。一般地说,该项目中要求改正的错误里包括一些语法错误。例如:?

定语从句(1996年第三题),?

    情态动词(1997年第一题),?

    冠词(1997年第九题),?

    介词(1998年第四题),?

    反身代词(1998年第六题),等等。

校对改错项目要求学生运用已学过的语法知识,来判断句子的正误,找出语病,并作修正。

这里要强调的一点是,八级考试的这个项目不是孤立地测试学生的语法知识;它更偏重学生

运用语法知识的能力,即怎样把书本知识转化成实际能力。因此,对于学生来说,在平时一

要巩固已学过的语法知识,理清概念;二要注重提高运用语言知识解决具体问题的能力。?

2.词汇与搭配

  

校对改错项目的另一测试点是学生对常用词汇、搭配和用法的了解及运用。比如:?

外层空间应为outer space,而不是out space(1996年第 5题),?

    做动作应为 perform an act,而不是 make an act(1997年第 8题),?

    姿式应为posture,而不是post (1997年第10题),?

    站起来应为 get to their feet,而不是get on their feet(1998年第 4题),等等。

   词汇测试面涵盖各类词性的词,同时侧重考核它们的搭配与用法。归根结底,词汇测试部分主要是检验高年级学生在词汇方面是否达到英语专业高年级教学大纲所规定的要求。词汇的积累不是一朝一夕即可完成的,它需要在平时的学习过程中逐步积累,积少成多。因此

,对于学生来说,平时自己在学习中要注意扩大、巩固已有的词汇量,这点是非常重要的。

同时,在学习、掌握词汇的过程中,特别要注意提高自己灵活运用词汇的能力。?

  

3.篇章结构

在第1、第2点中我们提到校对改错项目的两个测试点:语法和词汇。同时我们也再三强调,这个项目尽管涉及以上两点的评估,但它不是简单、孤立地检验学生的语法词汇知识。

该项目仍着眼于语言的运用。也就是说,该项目旨在测试在具体语境或上下文中使用语法或词汇的能力。在校对改错这个特定的考试环境中,它所提供的具体语境或上下文是一篇200来字的短文。这篇短文由十来个在意义上相关联的句子构成;而需要修改的语病都出现在这些意义上相互关联的句中。鉴于这个特点,学生就要从篇章结构这个角度去判断句子的正误。也就是说,学生要跳出单句的框架,从语段(表达一相关层次意思的句子组合)的角度来进行判断。    ?

从语篇角度看,校对改错项目内的错误可大致分为两类:?

  1)句内错误:一般对此类错误的判断无须超越句子本身。如:?

996年试卷的第6题?

  water rising away from the depths of the earth during(6)_____?

  (删去away)?

  1999年试卷的第4题?

  hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible152 calories(4)____

    (把in 改成 on)〖FK)〗?

  2)句际错误:对此类错误的判断要基于上下文之上,也就是牵涉到句与句之间的关系了。如:?

    1997年试卷的第5题?

    departure.This is what his body wants to do,therefore(5)____

    (把therefore 改成but)?

    1999年试卷的第5题?

    as an hour of gathering153 produces 240.(5)____

    (把as改成while)

对第二类错误的判断要求学生从篇章角度出发,把文中的句子看作表达一完整意思的

有机体。只有这样,学生才能找出错误所在。?

在历年的考试中,学生大都能判断出第一类错误,而对第二类错误(句际错误)的判断准确率就相对较低。历年试卷中难易度系数偏低的题目也大都为此类错误。因此,学生平时要加强对篇章的理解能力的训练,了解、熟悉篇章结构的特点:语段内句子之间的关系、语段之间的关系;它们的类别;各种不同关系的表示法,等等。只有在此基础上,学生才能灵活正确地使用语言知识,做到准确答题。??

  

三.阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)

  

题型分析与应试技巧

阅读理解是语言学习中最重要的基本技能之一,阅读是获取语言知识最直接、最有效的

方法,阅读能力则是衡量掌握语言综合能力的一项重要标志。学习阅读,学会阅读,提高英

语阅读能力,是最终掌握英语,提高整体英语水平的必由之路。英语专业八级考试中也设立

了阅读理解部分,而且阅读部分在整个考试中占相当大的比重,该部分的得分直接影响到整

个考试的成败,因此无论是教师还是考生都对此非常重视。八级考试中的阅读理解部分主要

是依据国家教委批准的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》中对英语阅读教学内容和要求的

规定,运用科学的测试手段,检验英语专业学生对于高级英语阅读能力和技巧的掌握,从而

检查各有关院校对于大纲规定的教学内容和教学要求的完成和执行情况。?

应该说到了准备八级考试的时候,学生已经具备了相当的阅读经验和阅读能力,现在的关键是多做练习,大量阅读,通过阅读来提高阅读水平。如果还存在一些不良阅读习惯的话,比如用手指着读,默读时出声等等,就应毫不犹豫地痛下功夫去改正。下面列出了一些常用的阅读技巧,仅作提醒之用。希望考生能仔细对照自己的情况,尽快改掉不良习惯,以便提高自己的阅读效率。?

  

1.略读

略读(skimming)是常用的阅读方法之一,其主要特征是选择性地阅读。通常的阅读要求看到每一个词,每次注目看1-2个词。略读不需要看到每一个词,眼睛跳动的频率和幅度都有较大的提高,有时甚至从上一行跳到下一行。略读不可能使你对所读内容全部了解,但是你能大大地提高阅读速度,也能获得大量的信息。?

    略读的主要作用是了解文章的大意。经过略读之后,你对所读内容已经有了大致的了解,再仔细阅读,这时你的印象会更深刻,理解更透彻。?

    大部分读者不需要正规的训练和指导就可以进行略读。但是有意识地训练会大大地提高

你的略读速度和效率。进行略读训练的最简单的方法是强迫自己在规定的时间内读完某一篇文章,开始训练时,可以把略读速度定为平常阅读的5/4倍,以后逐步提高。略读的关键是增加眼跳的幅度,高度集中注意力,努力捕捉那些能引起注意或者你认为重要的内容。?

  

2.扫读

扫读(scanning)是以最快的速度扫视所读材料,在找到所需信息时才仔细阅读该项内容。如查找某个人名、地名、时间、地点等,也即在寻找特定信息、寻找具体事实、寻找答题所需内容时都用这种方法。?

  

3.研读

研读(study reading)就是仔细阅读,对文章有透彻深刻的理解。根据考题,运用上下文、逻辑关系、背景知识进行判断和推论。对难句的理解和翻译用得着这种方法。 ?

提高阅读速度的一个重要内容是扩大词汇量。其必要性表现在以下几个方面:?

1. 词汇量决定了你的阅读理解能力,词汇量越大,你阅读得越广,视野就越开阔,你阅读

理解的得分就越高。?

2. 有限的词汇量必然会影响你阅读理解能力的提高。生词的含义只有在上下文中才能完全

展现出来,并易于被识记、理解、掌握。换句话说,是上下文给某个词以特定含义,而这个

特定含义往往是字典无法提供的。有的人或许会说,我们从中学到大学英语词汇都是通过背

生词表来记的。但是这样说的读者忽视了很重要的一点:所学课文后面的词汇表都是为

课文服务的,而且,教师上课时对某些词或表达方式所举的实例,实质上是为它们设置上下文。不少教师鼓励学生背句子、段落、或整篇文章,都是出于同一目的,即要学生在上下文

中理解并掌握词汇和短语。?

3. 多读是扩大词汇量的最好的方法。不仅要读不同体裁的书和文章,而且要多接触不同题

材,才能适应考试的需要。?

下边我们谈谈怎样解决八级考试中的阅读问题:?

1. 找出段落的中心思想?

任何阅读材料都有主要意思,即大意(main idea)。文字材料的大意有不同的层次。一个比

较长的句子可以说很多事情,但一般只有一个大意,可以用几个词概括;一个段落包括很多

句子,但也只有一个大意,通常是段落的主题句(topic sentence)包含段落的大意。通常人

们说“大意”指的是整篇材料的中心思想。?

非小说体的阅读材料通常有比较明显的大意,其结构也比较清楚。文章的开头部分(introduction)会比较明确地指出文章的中心思想。文章主体部分的每一段也往往有主题句,通常在段首或段尾。有些文章的结尾还会对全文作一个总的概括。?

  

2. 如何对待阅读中的词汇问题?

阅读过程中不可避免地要遇到生词。大纲中规定允许有3%的生词,也就是说2000个词中允许有60个左右的生词,但一般不会有这么多的生词。有的人一遇到生词就停下来查字典,有的则读完一两页后查字典,有的人则完全不管生词。其实阅读中遇到生词只要不影响你对篇章主要意思的理解,一般应该继续往下读。如果生词的确影响你对内容的理解,查字典当然是一种办法,但很不方便,而且频繁地查字典不仅影响阅读速度,而且影响对文章内容的整体理解。所以在平时阅读时,遇生词最好的方法是通过上下文猜测。以下几条建议可帮助你猜测词义:?

(1)看看上下文中有没有生词的另一种说法,即找同义词。有时上下文会对一个生词作解

释,或者提供一些暗示。?

(2)看看生词在文章中的词性,即看这个词是名词、动词、形容词、副词或其他词类。另

外再看看这个词在文中与哪些词搭配使用,再根据自己的其他知识,就可以进行正确的猜测。(3)分析生词的构成,尤其是词的前缀和后缀。英语中很多词都是加前缀或后缀变来的。比如你认识这两个词write和similar,根据前缀re-和后缀-ity的含义,你就可以准确地

猜出rewrite和similarity这两个词的意思。?

(4)看看同一生词是否在上下文的其他地方出现,把两处的语境相比较,也许能更加准确

地猜出词义。?

(5)充分利用你关于所阅读的内容已有的知识。?

    为了巩固阅读过程中的生词,在读完一篇后,你可以把本篇中最重要的生词查一下字典,准确地了解该生词在文中的意思。因为我们训练的篇章都是大纲规定的题材,在真题中也

可能会遇到这方面的文章,甚至单词。?

  

3. 推论出段落的隐含意思?

有时,为了某种目的,作者往往不直接说出某一意思,而是含蓄地表达。这种隐含的意思有时是篇章的主要意思。所以阅读短文经常需要推论(making inference)。有时一句话的含义需要推论,有时整个篇章的含义需要推论。以下几条建议可以帮助你进行推论:?

(1)结合作者的思想观点、写作背景进行推论。?

(2)寻找作者直接陈述的诸多事件之间的联系。?

(3)仔细体会某些重要词的含蓄意义及其感情色彩。比如politician和statesman的意思都是“政治家”,但前者有贬义的色彩,即“政客”,后者则没有。?

(4)从作者的语气、语调、措辞等文体特征,读出作者的“言外之意”(reading beyond the lines)。?

(5)得出某一推断后,尽量从上下文中寻找证据。?

(6)充分利用自己已有的各方面的知识,把文章中所述的事情和自己的阅历或熟悉的事情

联系起来考虑。?

  

4. 预测下文内容?

预测下文内容也是提高阅读效率的重要手段。预测与猜测不同。猜测是对自己没有把握的文字意思的假设,预测则是根据已掌握的信息假想下文将会发生什么事情。预测之所以能够提高阅读效率,是因为它使你产生某种“期待”(expectations)。带着这种期待去读下文,你会努力为你的假想寻找证据,你的注意力将更加集中在文中的重要内容上。?

当然,预测也不是随意的,必须根据已经发生的事情或已了解的内容加上你自己的一般常识进行符合逻辑的预测。当你继续阅读下文时,你的预测要么被肯定,要么被否定。无论是肯定还是否定,都会加深你对原文的理解。以下是几条建议:?

(1)如果你对段落的主题思想已有初步的了解,想一想关于这一主题通常要描写哪些方面

的事情,这些事情在本文中会发生吗??

(2)运用你的英语语言知识及语言在具体语境中的习惯用法,预测文章将要写什么。?

以上的介绍没有特别将正常阅读和快速阅读分开,是因为无论阅读哪一部分的试题,都会用

到诸如 scanning、skimming的方法,但是由于八级阅读分为正常阅读和快速阅读两部分,有必要提醒考生,两者所给的时间是不同的。通常,正常阅读是四至五篇,答十五题。快速阅读是六至七篇,答十题,而后者的时间只有十分钟。所以,我们决不能在一篇上花太多的时间,只能采用跳读或寻读的方法来尽快获取信息,每篇文章,先读试题和选项,然后再有的放矢地进行阅读。 做题时,如果遇到有些题解不了,或是文章中某几句看不懂的情况,应该暂时放弃,先做其他题或继续阅读其他部分。在做完其他试题后,有时间,再来做这些没有把握的试题。千万不能为了一道题或一段文字而停滞不前。及时丢卒保车,才能保证总体成绩。?

阅读能力的提高不是靠短时间的突击就能提高的,需要我们持之以恒,长期进行正确的操练。英语专业八级考试是科学的语言测试,具有相当的信度和效度,靠投机取巧是不可能取得好成绩的,所以,我们衷心希望考生们能通过训练,真正地提高自己的语言能力,在八级考试中取得好的成绩。??

  

四.翻译(Translation)

题型分析与应试技巧

英语专业八级考试中的汉译英试题是对学生综合应用语言能力的一个测试。它既是对学生汉语水平的测试,又是对英语专业学生四年专业学习之后综合应用英语能力的检测。实践证明,我们的学生在四年的英语学习过程中,忽略了对汉语的学习,因而在对汉语词语和句子的理解过程中出现了一些可笑的问题;同时,汉译英测试也反映出学生在用英语表达过程中,由于母语干扰或其它方面原因,也有很多典型的错误。这里我们仅从理解和表达两个角度,分析英语专业八级考试汉译英常见的一些问题,并通过分析这些问题,指出英语专业本科阶段汉译英教学中,加强学生基本功是该课程的一个核心任务。 ?

一般认为,理解汉语对于汉语是母语的中国学生来说,不应该构成什么问题;翻译过程的第二阶段,即表达阶段,才是问题出现比较多的地方。但是,在我们的学生中,的确存在着因为汉语功底不扎实而造成错误理解的问题。 这种错误主要出现在对一些不能够从字面上推测意义的习语上,例如部分学生对“寒暄”、 “破天荒”、 “干脆”等词语会产生错误的理解。我们有的同学将“寒暄”译成了“coldly talk for a while”,这说明习语的理解对于汉语功底不深厚、光顾着学习外语却忽视母语学习的外语专业学生来说的确是一个很突出的问题。 ?其次,学生还会出现断句的错误。由于汉语语言的习惯,汉语句子在断句问题上并不严格,因此对句子的停顿很多情况下完全取决于读者的语感。学生对此往往认识并不充分,不敢果断断句,以为原文中的一个长句一定要用英语的一个长句来表达,因而出现跟原文风格不一致的译文,甚至在组织译文语言的时候出现很多语法错误。当然,汉语功底的欠缺、语感的薄弱往往也会造成错误的断句,从而导致错误的翻译。例如,2000年八级考试中,第一句话是“世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆,它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史”。很多同学用which这个关系代词来形成了一个结构很复杂的主从复合句,但是在组织这个句子时出现很多错误,造成修饰关系不明的情况。如果我们果断断句,翻译成: ?

The world’s first generation museums are museums of natural history. They introduce to the ?people? with fossils and specimens154 the evolution of the earth and various living organism on it. 用这样两个简单句来处理,就可以避免语法错误,而且可以使

句子语义鲜明。 ?

此外,断句的错误还表现在词组间关系的断定上,比如,“科学知识”和“科学技术”,后者“科学”和“技术”之间是一种并列关系。这种修饰和并列关系在汉语中并没有形式上的分别,这种关系是一种意合关系,需要读者发挥自己的判断力和语感。很多同学把这两个短语分别译成了“science and knowledge”和“scientific technology”,由此可见我们在理解上还存在问题,学生们的汉语功底还不够深厚。 ?

  另外,对原文的理解还需要结合一定的背景知识,例如95年八级考试汉译英试题中提“奥

斯汀”这位作家,如果我们不熟悉这位作家,我们就可能连她的姓氏如何拼写也不知道。再

比如说,“我的导师是亚裔人”(1998年八级考试),不能简单地翻译成“My tutor is an As

ian”,因为所谓“亚裔”,是指亚洲的血缘,但并没明确国籍,根据上下文,却应该是美国国籍,因此这句话应该翻译为“My tutor is an Asian American.”,同样的道理,在同一篇文章中出现的“除有一名来自德国外,其余5位均是亚裔学生”也应该处理成?

“...except one of German origin, the rest five were all of Asian origin”。?

1999年八级考试试题中也出现了类似的句子“现今180万温哥华居民中,有一半不是本地

出生的,每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用”也应该根据以上的理由翻译为?

“Of the present 1.8 million residents Vancouver, half are not native, and one in

every four is of Asian origin. The 250,000 Chinese have been playing a decisive role

in the economic transformation of Vacouver.”?

由此看来,缺乏一定的背景知识,我们就不可能把这些句子处理正确。 ?

对于政论文章的翻译来说,一定政治意识的缺乏会造成错误的理解和表达。例如,“振兴”、

“统一”等,考虑到中国的历史,我们应该将它们分别理解和表达为“revitalization”或“rej

uvenation”和“reunification”。再例如“个体户”、“国营企业”、“三资企业”、“计划生育”

等概念,要求翻译时必须准确理解原意,然后在译文中作适当的表达,因而需要同学们熟

悉官方的翻译法。从这个意义上说,政论翻译,尤其在译名问题上,涉及到继承传统译名的

情况比较多,因此我们应该多读一些国内的外文刊物,如《中国日报》、《北京周报》、《

人民日报》(海外英文版)等,增强政治意识,统一翻译口径,这样才能够把汉译英做好。

?

总之,英语专业八级的翻译考试对译文的要求是忠实原文和语言通顺。翻译的功能是将原有的文字资料

转换成另一种语言,从而使读者用其熟悉的语言了解原本用另一种语言表述的信息。鉴于此,衡量译文的一个重要标准就是看其所转换的信息是否准确,是否忠实于原文。译者对原文

的把握、理解是关键所在。译者要对原文的思想、语气、风格有透彻的理解和准确的把握。

如果在这方面出现偏差,译文就会与原文有出入,也就很难做到忠实于原文。?

质量高的译文除了忠实于原文外,在语言上也要力求做到通顺。具体地说,就是所译语言要符合规范,行文自然、流畅,不带有过多生硬翻译的痕迹。就英译汉而言,译文应该断句恰当,句式正确,选词妥贴,段与段、句与句之间呼应自然,有一定文采。对于汉译英来说,要求译文的句式处理恰当,选词妥贴,英语比较地道。在八级翻译考试里,语言通顺对汉译英项目来说尤为重要。译文英语不地道,不仅会失去原文的文体风格,而且还会误转原意。??

  

五.写作测试(Writing)

题型分析与应试技巧

  

写作项目是全国高校英语专业八级考试五大项目之一,它的分值占总分的20%,考试时间为60分钟。该项目要求考生在规定的时间内根据提示写出300字左右的文章。文章力求做到观点清楚、例证充分、结构严谨、层次清楚、合乎逻辑、语言得体、无重大语法

错误。?要想写好一篇文章,考生应该注意以下几点:?

1.审题

在写作考试中要写出符合题目要求,高质量的作文,第一步是审题。所谓审题,就是通过阅读写作题目及相关信息或要求,正确领会题目的含义,了解题目要求,为构思合乎具体写作要求的文章框架打下基础。?

数年来八级写作项目已形成自身的特色。这个特色就是,该项目内的几个部分(观点、情景、标题、写作要求)具有内在的联系,从而构成一个整体。因此,审题就意味着不是仅仅浏览一个标题,而是要兼顾其它部分。只有这样,学生才能真正明确写作目的,领会写作要求。?

以1997年的八级考试写作项目为例。该年的标题是 SOWING THE SEEDS,NURTURING GROWTH AND HARVESTING THE REWARDS。如果我们孤立地看题目的话,就很难领会该篇作文的具体要求和目的。但是,一旦我们把标题与前面的情景与观点部分联系起来,这个标题的含义就变得清晰了:它要求学生用标题所含的耕作过程来比拟获得大学学业成就的过程。同时,对具体语篇模式的要求(即ANALOGY)也显示在这部分中间。至于对作文修辞框架的要求,则出现在标题下面的一段文字中。?

总而言之,提高审题的准确性有利于学生理解题目含义,了解写作要求,进而有针对性地构思作文内容、布局等。?然而,在历年写作阅卷中我们发现,审题有误仍是学生经常犯的错误之一。归纳起来有以下几点:

1)不熟悉八级写作的设计特点,以为只看标题即可着手写作。这常常导致在文章内容上出现严重偏差。

2)对情景观点部分的理解一知半解,未经仔细斟酌就提笔写作文。这往往会造成学生采用错误的语篇模式。

3)忽略写作项目中对作文修辞框架的提示。这容易使得作文思路或结构混乱或失衡。?

  

2.行文的统一性和连贯性

一篇优秀的作文应该具有以下两个特点。就八级写作项目而言,这主要体现在作文的内容和框架上。按照写作要求,一篇合格的作文由三个部分组成。第一部分包括作者的论点(THESIS STATEMENT)。论点应明确、清楚。第二部分是作文的主体。这部分的要求是通过恰当、合适的语篇模式(如:CAUSE AND EFFECT,COMPARISON AND CONTRAST,等等)来论证前面提出的论点。论证的过程要做到结构严谨、层次分明、合乎逻辑。要做到结构严谨,就需要学生在写作中抓住中心,并围绕中心展开讨论。结构严谨的作文同时也应是层次分明的作文。为了使论证过程具有说服力,作文应采用一种层次结构。

所谓层次结构指构成语篇的句子或者各段之间在逻辑意义上存在着一种主从关系,它们或者是解释关系,或者是因果关系,或者是总分关系。书卷语体通常属于这类结构,即一个语篇往往由不同层次的语段构成。此外,作文应有逻辑性,文中观点的阐述要合乎情理,观点之间的衔接要自然、顺畅。第三部分为作文的结尾。一篇思想内容完整的作文离不开一个好的结尾。一般来说,结尾部分的内容应为前面部分的总结。因此,这部分应与前面部分保持论点上的一致性和统一性。结尾部分忌讳的是牛头不对马嘴,前后没有连贯性,因而破坏作文的完整性。?

  

3.语言的规范性和准确性

作文的思想内容都必须通过语言形式来表达。八级作文要求语言得体、通顺,无重大语法错误。如果作文句不成句,用词不当,语法错误连篇,就很难将作者的意图表达清楚。?

但是,历年来的写作项目反映出学生在作文的统一性、连贯性和语言的规范性方面还普遍存

在一些问题。概括起来有以下几点:?

l)  作文中的论点未展开。这主要表现为没有按照要求在第一部分中阐明观点,而是东拉西扯,写了与题目有关或无关的细节或现象。比如在以IN SUPPORT OF DORMITORY POLICIES为题的作文中,一些学生不是开门见山地点明主题思想,而是列举了一些寝室里的情况或评论一些不良现象。最后由于篇幅有限,就在结束时提一句寝室制度就草草收尾。?

2)  作文结构不严谨,段落没有主题句,且句际段落关系不明显。这种现象在考生的作文中带有一定的普遍性。有些学生在写作时没有理清思路,按照一定的逻辑框架写,而是想到什么就写什么,因此文章显得松散。?

3)  作文首尾不一致。作文开头与结尾部分内容衔接不上,或自相矛盾。?

4)  作文缺乏连贯性(COHERENCE155)。在对历年考生作文的分析中,我们发现以下几个现象:A. 差的作文中简单句多,而好的作文中则少;?

B. 差的作文中从句和连词出现的频率大大低于好的作文;?

C. 差的作文中各种照应的使用低于好的作文;?

D. 差的作文中关键词和同义/近义词出现的频率低于好的作文。?

以上部分简单地讨论了八级写作项目的要求、预期达到的标准以及学生作文中反映出来的

一些带有共性的问题。在结束之前,我们就如何提高写作能力谈几点看法:?

1、写作能力的培养要从最基本的做起,一步一个脚印,扎实地进行基本功训练。?

2、就八级写作项目而言,要提高驾驭文章整体思路的能力就要加强逻辑思维训练,通过各类写作手法的操练来提高这方面的能力。此外,要提高语言的准确性,学会使用各种语篇纽带,如 LOGICAL、GRAMMATICAL、SEMANTIC CONNECTORS,使作文思路清晰,论点鲜明,例证充分,语言得体,真正达到写作的要求。



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 con WXpyR     
n.反对的观点,反对者,反对票,肺病;vt.精读,学习,默记;adv.反对地,从反面;adj.欺诈的
参考例句:
  • We must be fair and consider the reason pro and con.我们必须公平考虑赞成和反对的理由。
  • The motion is adopted non con.因无人投反对票,协议被通过。
2 coordination Ho8zt     
n.协调,协作
参考例句:
  • Gymnastics is a sport that requires a considerable level of coordination.体操是一项需要高协调性的运动。
  • The perfect coordination of the dancers and singers added a rhythmic charm to the performance.舞蹈演员和歌手们配合得很好,使演出更具魅力。
3 ted 9gazhs     
vt.翻晒,撒,撒开
参考例句:
  • The invaders gut ted the village.侵略者把村中财物洗劫一空。
  • She often teds the corn when it's sunny.天好的时候她就翻晒玉米。
4 specialized Chuzwe     
adj.专门的,专业化的
参考例句:
  • There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations.联合国有许多专门机构。
  • These tools are very specialized.这些是专用工具。
5 elite CqzxN     
n.精英阶层;实力集团;adj.杰出的,卓越的
参考例句:
  • The power elite inside the government is controlling foreign policy.政府内部的一群握有实权的精英控制着对外政策。
  • We have a political elite in this country.我们国家有一群政治精英。
6 utilitarian THVy9     
adj.实用的,功利的
参考例句:
  • On the utilitarian side American education has outstridden the rest of the world.在实用方面美国教育已超越世界各国。
  • A good cloth coat is more utilitarian than a fur one.一件优质的布外衣要比一件毛皮外衣更有用。
7 flexibility vjPxb     
n.柔韧性,弹性,(光的)折射性,灵活性
参考例句:
  • Her great strength lies in her flexibility.她的优势在于她灵活变通。
  • The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old.人老了肌肉的柔韧性将降低。
8 expectancy tlMys     
n.期望,预期,(根据概率统计求得)预期数额
参考例句:
  • Japanese people have a very high life expectancy.日本人的平均寿命非常长。
  • The atomosphere of tense expectancy sobered everyone.这种期望的紧张气氛使每个人变得严肃起来。
9 arbitration hNgyh     
n.调停,仲裁
参考例句:
  • The wage disagreement is under arbitration.工资纠纷正在仲裁中。
  • Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding.双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
10 imposing 8q9zcB     
adj.使人难忘的,壮丽的,堂皇的,雄伟的
参考例句:
  • The fortress is an imposing building.这座城堡是一座宏伟的建筑。
  • He has lost his imposing appearance.他已失去堂堂仪表。
11 tariffs a7eb9a3f31e3d6290c240675a80156ec     
关税制度; 关税( tariff的名词复数 ); 关税表; (旅馆或饭店等的)收费表; 量刑标准
参考例句:
  • British industry was sheltered from foreign competition by protective tariffs. 保护性关税使英国工业免受国际竞争影响。
  • The new tariffs have put a stranglehold on trade. 新的关税制对开展贸易极为不利。
12 proofread ekszrH     
vt.校正,校对
参考例句:
  • I didn't even have the chance to proofread my own report.我甚至没有机会校对自己的报告。
  • Before handing in his application to his teacher,he proofread it again.交给老师之前,他又将申请书补正了一遍。
13 proofreading dbf4e2729ffc7098a6c478afffebd64e     
校对,校勘( proofread的现在分词 ); 做校对工作; 校读
参考例句:
  • Martha, when can you finish proofreading the script? 玛莎,你什么时候可以校对完剧本? 来自轻松英语会话---联想3000词(上)
  • Attention, an important factor in editing and proofreading, affects editing quality directly. 注意力是编校过程中重要的心理因素,直接影响编辑质量。
14 slash Hrsyq     
vi.大幅度削减;vt.猛砍,尖锐抨击,大幅减少;n.猛砍,斜线,长切口,衣衩
参考例句:
  • The shop plans to slash fur prices after Spring Festival.该店计划在春节之后把皮货降价。
  • Don't slash your horse in that cruel way.不要那样残忍地鞭打你的马。
15 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
16 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合
参考例句:
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤,肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
17 investigations 02de25420938593f7db7bd4052010b32     
(正式的)调查( investigation的名词复数 ); 侦查; 科学研究; 学术研究
参考例句:
  • His investigations were intensive and thorough but revealed nothing. 他进行了深入彻底的调查,但没有发现什么。
  • He often sent them out to make investigations. 他常常派他们出去作调查。
18 impeachment fqSzd5     
n.弹劾;控告;怀疑
参考例句:
  • Impeachment is considered a drastic measure in the United States.在美国,弹劾被视为一种非常激烈的措施。
  • The verdict resulting from his impeachment destroyed his political career.他遭弹劾后得到的判决毁了他的政治生涯。
19 proceedings Wk2zvX     
n.进程,过程,议程;诉讼(程序);公报
参考例句:
  • He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。
  • to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼
20 detailed xuNzms     
adj.详细的,详尽的,极注意细节的,完全的
参考例句:
  • He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
  • A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。
21 testimony zpbwO     
n.证词;见证,证明
参考例句:
  • The testimony given by him is dubious.他所作的证据是可疑的。
  • He was called in to bear testimony to what the police officer said.他被传入为警官所说的话作证。
22 unwilling CjpwB     
adj.不情愿的
参考例句:
  • The natives were unwilling to be bent by colonial power.土著居民不愿受殖民势力的摆布。
  • His tightfisted employer was unwilling to give him a raise.他那吝啬的雇主不肯给他加薪。
23 perjury LMmx0     
n.伪证;伪证罪
参考例句:
  • You'll be punished if you procure the witness to commit perjury.如果你诱使证人作伪证,你要受罚的。
  • She appeared in court on a perjury charge.她因被指控做了伪证而出庭受审。
24 fluctuations 5ffd9bfff797526ec241b97cfb872d61     
波动,涨落,起伏( fluctuation的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table. 他用统计表显示价格的波动。
  • There were so many unpredictable fluctuations on the Stock Exchange. 股票市场瞬息万变。
25 subsidies 84c7dc8329c19e43d3437248757e572c     
n.补贴,津贴,补助金( subsidy的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • European agriculture ministers failed to break the deadlock over farm subsidies. 欧洲各国农业部长在农业补贴问题上未能打破僵局。
  • Agricultural subsidies absorb about half the EU's income. 农业补贴占去了欧盟收入的大约一半。 来自《简明英汉词典》
26 handout dedxA     
n.散发的文字材料;救济品
参考例句:
  • I read the handout carefully.我仔细看了这份分发的资料。
  • His job was distributing handout at the street-corner.他的工作是在街头发传单。
27 handouts 447505a1e297b8bcf79fa46be9e067f8     
救济品( handout的名词复数 ); 施舍物; 印刷品; 讲义
参考例句:
  • Soldiers oversee the food handouts. 士兵们看管着救济食品。
  • Even after losing his job, he was too proud to accept handouts. 甚至在失去工作后,他仍然很骄傲,不愿接受施舍。
28 gene WgKxx     
n.遗传因子,基因
参考例句:
  • A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
  • The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
29 mid doTzSB     
adj.中央的,中间的
参考例句:
  • Our mid-term exam is pending.我们就要期中考试了。
  • He switched over to teaching in mid-career.他在而立之年转入教学工作。
30 whacked je8z8E     
a.精疲力尽的
参考例句:
  • She whacked him with her handbag. 她用手提包狠狠地打他。
  • He whacked me on the back and I held both his arms. 他用力拍拍我的背,我抱住他的双臂。
31 speculation 9vGwe     
n.思索,沉思;猜测;投机
参考例句:
  • Her mind is occupied with speculation.她的头脑忙于思考。
  • There is widespread speculation that he is going to resign.人们普遍推测他要辞职。
32 sector yjczYn     
n.部门,部分;防御地段,防区;扇形
参考例句:
  • The export sector will aid the economic recovery. 出口产业将促进经济复苏。
  • The enemy have attacked the British sector.敌人已进攻英国防区。
33 sectors 218ffb34fa5fb6bc1691e90cd45ad627     
n.部门( sector的名词复数 );领域;防御地区;扇形
参考例句:
  • Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war. 战后柏林分成了4 个区。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Industry and agriculture are the two important sectors of the national economy. 工业和农业是国民经济的两个重要部门。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
34 boon CRVyF     
n.恩赐,恩物,恩惠
参考例句:
  • A car is a real boon when you live in the country.在郊外居住,有辆汽车确实极为方便。
  • These machines have proved a real boon to disabled people.事实证明这些机器让残疾人受益匪浅。
35 prosper iRrxC     
v.成功,兴隆,昌盛;使成功,使昌隆,繁荣
参考例句:
  • With her at the wheel,the company began to prosper.有了她当主管,公司开始兴旺起来。
  • It is my earnest wish that this company will continue to prosper.我真诚希望这家公司会继续兴旺发达。
36 motive GFzxz     
n.动机,目的;adv.发动的,运动的
参考例句:
  • The police could not find a motive for the murder.警察不能找到谋杀的动机。
  • He had some motive in telling this fable.他讲这寓言故事是有用意的。
37 wards 90fafe3a7d04ee1c17239fa2d768f8fc     
区( ward的名词复数 ); 病房; 受监护的未成年者; 被人照顾或控制的状态
参考例句:
  • This hospital has 20 medical [surgical] wards. 这所医院有 20 个内科[外科]病房。
  • It was a big constituency divided into three wards. 这是一个大选区,下设三个分区。
38 earnings rrWxJ     
n.工资收人;利润,利益,所得
参考例句:
  • That old man lives on the earnings of his daughter.那个老人靠他女儿的收入维持生活。
  • Last year there was a 20% decrease in his earnings.去年他的收入减少了20%。
39 acting czRzoc     
n.演戏,行为,假装;adj.代理的,临时的,演出用的
参考例句:
  • Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她,她只是假装的。
  • During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代,她的表演生涯黯然失色。
40 juvenile OkEy2     
n.青少年,少年读物;adj.青少年的,幼稚的
参考例句:
  • For a grown man he acted in a very juvenile manner.身为成年人,他的行为举止显得十分幼稚。
  • Juvenile crime is increasing at a terrifying rate.青少年犯罪正在以惊人的速度增长。
41 scrutiny ZDgz6     
n.详细检查,仔细观察
参考例句:
  • His work looks all right,but it will not bear scrutiny.他的工作似乎很好,但是经不起仔细检查。
  • Few wives in their forties can weather such a scrutiny.很少年过四十的妻子经得起这么仔细的观察。
42 toil WJezp     
vi.辛劳工作,艰难地行动;n.苦工,难事
参考例句:
  • The wealth comes from the toil of the masses.财富来自大众的辛勤劳动。
  • Every single grain is the result of toil.每一粒粮食都来之不易。
43 economists 2ba0a36f92d9c37ef31cc751bca1a748     
n.经济学家,经济专家( economist的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The sudden rise in share prices has confounded economists. 股价的突然上涨使经济学家大惑不解。
  • Foreign bankers and economists cautiously welcomed the minister's initiative. 外国银行家和经济学家对部长的倡议反应谨慎。 来自《简明英汉词典》
44 stagnant iGgzj     
adj.不流动的,停滞的,不景气的
参考例句:
  • Due to low investment,industrial output has remained stagnant.由于投资少,工业生产一直停滞不前。
  • Their national economy is stagnant.他们的国家经济停滞不前。
45 incentive j4zy9     
n.刺激;动力;鼓励;诱因;动机
参考例句:
  • Money is still a major incentive in most occupations.在许多职业中,钱仍是主要的鼓励因素。
  • He hasn't much incentive to work hard.他没有努力工作的动机。
46 eroded f1d64e7cb6e68a5e1444e173c24e672e     
adj. 被侵蚀的,有蚀痕的 动词erode的过去式和过去分词形式
参考例句:
  • The cliff face has been steadily eroded by the sea. 峭壁表面逐渐被海水侵蚀。
  • The stream eroded a channel in the solid rock. 小溪在硬石中侵蚀成一条水道。
47 susceptible 4rrw7     
adj.过敏的,敏感的;易动感情的,易受感动的
参考例句:
  • Children are more susceptible than adults.孩子比成人易受感动。
  • We are all susceptible to advertising.我们都易受广告的影响。
48 advertising 1zjzi3     
n.广告业;广告活动 a.广告的;广告业务的
参考例句:
  • Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
  • The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。
49 marketing Boez7e     
n.行销,在市场的买卖,买东西
参考例句:
  • They are developing marketing network.他们正在发展销售网络。
  • He often goes marketing.他经常去市场做生意。
50 offenders dee5aee0bcfb96f370137cdbb4b5cc8d     
n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 );犯规者;罪犯;妨害…的人(或事物)
参考例句:
  • Long prison sentences can be a very effective deterrent for offenders. 判处长期徒刑可对违法者起到强有力的威慑作用。
  • Purposeful work is an important part of the regime for young offenders. 使从事有意义的劳动是管理少年犯的重要方法。
51 exasperated ltAz6H     
adj.恼怒的
参考例句:
  • We were exasperated at his ill behaviour. 我们对他的恶劣行为感到非常恼怒。
  • Constant interruption of his work exasperated him. 对他工作不断的干扰使他恼怒。
52 fowls 4f8db97816f2d0cad386a79bb5c17ea4     
鸟( fowl的名词复数 ); 禽肉; 既不是这; 非驴非马
参考例句:
  • A great number of water fowls dwell on the island. 许多水鸟在岛上栖息。
  • We keep a few fowls and some goats. 我们养了几只鸡和一些山羊。
53 mellow F2iyP     
adj.柔和的;熟透的;v.变柔和;(使)成熟
参考例句:
  • These apples are mellow at this time of year.每年这时节,苹果就熟透了。
  • The colours become mellow as the sun went down.当太阳落山时,色彩变得柔和了。
54 circumvent gXvz0     
vt.环绕,包围;对…用计取胜,智胜
参考例句:
  • Military planners tried to circumvent the treaty.军事策略家们企图绕开这一条约。
  • Any action I took to circumvent his scheme was justified.我为斗赢他的如意算盘而采取的任何行动都是正当的。
55 deliberately Gulzvq     
adv.审慎地;蓄意地;故意地
参考例句:
  • The girl gave the show away deliberately.女孩故意泄露秘密。
  • They deliberately shifted off the argument.他们故意回避这个论点。
56 copper HZXyU     
n.铜;铜币;铜器;adj.铜(制)的;(紫)铜色的
参考例句:
  • The students are asked to prove the purity of copper.要求学生们检验铜的纯度。
  • Copper is a good medium for the conduction of heat and electricity.铜是热和电的良导体。
57 shafts 8a8cb796b94a20edda1c592a21399c6b     
n.轴( shaft的名词复数 );(箭、高尔夫球棒等的)杆;通风井;一阵(疼痛、害怕等)
参考例句:
  • He deliberately jerked the shafts to rock him a bit. 他故意的上下颠动车把,摇这个老猴子几下。 来自汉英文学 - 骆驼祥子
  • Shafts were sunk, with tunnels dug laterally. 竖井已经打下,并且挖有横向矿道。 来自辞典例句
58 daunted 7ffb5e5ffb0aa17a7b2333d90b452257     
使(某人)气馁,威吓( daunt的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • She was a brave woman but she felt daunted by the task ahead. 她是一个勇敢的女人,但对面前的任务却感到信心不足。
  • He was daunted by the high quality of work they expected. 他被他们对工作的高品质的要求吓倒了。
59 boughs 95e9deca9a2fb4bbbe66832caa8e63e0     
大树枝( bough的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The green boughs glittered with all their pearls of dew. 绿枝上闪烁着露珠的光彩。
  • A breeze sighed in the higher boughs. 微风在高高的树枝上叹息着。
60 impudent X4Eyf     
adj.鲁莽的,卑鄙的,厚颜无耻的
参考例句:
  • She's tolerant toward those impudent colleagues.她对那些无礼的同事采取容忍的态度。
  • The teacher threatened to kick the impudent pupil out of the room.老师威胁着要把这无礼的小学生撵出教室。
61 smoothly iiUzLG     
adv.平滑地,顺利地,流利地,流畅地
参考例句:
  • The workmen are very cooperative,so the work goes on smoothly.工人们十分合作,所以工作进展顺利。
  • Just change one or two words and the sentence will read smoothly.这句话只要动一两个字就顺了。
62 pertinaciously 5d90e67eb8cbe7a8f4fbc7032619ce81     
adv.坚持地;固执地;坚决地;执拗地
参考例句:
  • He struggled pertinaciously for the new resolution. 他为了这项新决议而不懈努力。 来自互联网
63 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
64 thither cgRz1o     
adv.向那里;adj.在那边的,对岸的
参考例句:
  • He wandered hither and thither looking for a playmate.他逛来逛去找玩伴。
  • He tramped hither and thither.他到处流浪。
65 possessed xuyyQ     
adj.疯狂的;拥有的,占有的
参考例句:
  • He flew out of the room like a man possessed.他像着了魔似地猛然冲出房门。
  • He behaved like someone possessed.他行为举止像是魔怔了。
66 muzzle i11yN     
n.鼻口部;口套;枪(炮)口;vt.使缄默
参考例句:
  • He placed the muzzle of the pistol between his teeth.他把手枪的枪口放在牙齿中间。
  • The President wanted to muzzle the press.总统企图遏制新闻自由。
67 inviting CqIzNp     
adj.诱人的,引人注目的
参考例句:
  • An inviting smell of coffee wafted into the room.一股诱人的咖啡香味飘进了房间。
  • The kitchen smelled warm and inviting and blessedly familiar.这间厨房的味道温暖诱人,使人感到亲切温馨。
68 overalls 2mCz6w     
n.(复)工装裤;长罩衣
参考例句:
  • He is in overalls today.他今天穿的是工作裤。
  • He changed his overalls for a suit.他脱下工装裤,换上了一套西服。
69 remains 1kMzTy     
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
参考例句:
  • He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
  • The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
70 demonstrations 0922be6a2a3be4bdbebd28c620ab8f2d     
证明( demonstration的名词复数 ); 表明; 表达; 游行示威
参考例句:
  • Lectures will be interspersed with practical demonstrations. 讲课中将不时插入实际示范。
  • The new military government has banned strikes and demonstrations. 新的军人政府禁止罢工和示威活动。
71 strands d184598ceee8e1af7dbf43b53087d58b     
n.(线、绳、金属线、毛发等的)股( strand的名词复数 );缕;海洋、湖或河的)岸;(观点、计划、故事等的)部份v.使滞留,使搁浅( strand的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • Twist a length of rope from strands of hemp. 用几股麻搓成了一段绳子。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • She laced strands into a braid. 她把几股线编织成一根穗带。 来自《简明英汉词典》
72 corporate 7olzl     
adj.共同的,全体的;公司的,企业的
参考例句:
  • This is our corporate responsibility.这是我们共同的责任。
  • His corporate's life will be as short as a rabbit's tail.他的公司的寿命是兔子尾巴长不了。
73 barricades c0ae4401dbb9a95a57ddfb8b9765579f     
路障,障碍物( barricade的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The police stormed the barricades the demonstrators had put up. 警察冲破了示威者筑起的街垒。
  • Others died young, in prison or on the barricades. 另一些人年轻时就死在监牢里或街垒旁。
74 waning waning     
adj.(月亮)渐亏的,逐渐减弱或变小的n.月亏v.衰落( wane的现在分词 );(月)亏;变小;变暗淡
参考例句:
  • Her enthusiasm for the whole idea was waning rapidly. 她对整个想法的热情迅速冷淡了下来。
  • The day is waning and the road is ending. 日暮途穷。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
75 merging 65cc30ed55db36c739ab349d7c58dfe8     
合并(分类)
参考例句:
  • Many companies continued to grow by merging with or buying competing firms. 许多公司通过合并或收买竞争对手的公司而不断扩大。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
  • To sequence by repeated splitting and merging. 用反复分开和合并的方法进行的排序。
76 drawn MuXzIi     
v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的
参考例句:
  • All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
  • Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。
77 villains ffdac080b5dbc5c53d28520b93dbf399     
n.恶棍( villain的名词复数 );罪犯;(小说、戏剧等中的)反面人物;淘气鬼
参考例句:
  • The impression of villains was inescapable. 留下恶棍的印象是不可避免的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Some villains robbed the widow of the savings. 有几个歹徒将寡妇的积蓄劫走了。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
78 converging 23823b9401b4f5d440f61879a369ae50     
adj.收敛[缩]的,会聚的,趋同的v.(线条、运动的物体等)会于一点( converge的现在分词 );(趋于)相似或相同;人或车辆汇集;聚集
参考例句:
  • Plants had gradually evolved along diverging and converging pathways. 植物是沿着趋异和趋同两种途径逐渐演化的。 来自辞典例句
  • This very slowly converging series was known to Leibniz in 1674. 这个收敛很慢的级数是莱布尼茨在1674年得到的。 来自辞典例句
79 elites e3dbb5fd6596e7194920c56f4830b949     
精华( elite的名词复数 ); 精锐; 上层集团; (统称)掌权人物
参考例句:
  • The elites are by their nature a factor contributing to underdevelopment. 这些上层人物天生是助长欠发达的因素。
  • Elites always detest gifted and nimble outsiders. 社会名流对天赋聪明、多才多艺的局外人一向嫌恶。
80 repression zVyxX     
n.镇压,抑制,抑压
参考例句:
  • The repression of your true feelings is harmful to your health.压抑你的真实感情有害健康。
  • This touched off a new storm against violent repression.这引起了反对暴力镇压的新风暴。
81 dissent ytaxU     
n./v.不同意,持异议
参考例句:
  • It is too late now to make any dissent.现在提出异议太晚了。
  • He felt her shoulders gave a wriggle of dissent.他感到她的肩膀因为不同意而动了一下。
82 injustice O45yL     
n.非正义,不公正,不公平,侵犯(别人的)权利
参考例句:
  • They complained of injustice in the way they had been treated.他们抱怨受到不公平的对待。
  • All his life he has been struggling against injustice.他一生都在与不公正现象作斗争。
83 physically iNix5     
adj.物质上,体格上,身体上,按自然规律
参考例句:
  • He was out of sorts physically,as well as disordered mentally.他浑身不舒服,心绪也很乱。
  • Every time I think about it I feel physically sick.一想起那件事我就感到极恶心。
84 fortress Mf2zz     
n.堡垒,防御工事
参考例句:
  • They made an attempt on a fortress.他们试图夺取这一要塞。
  • The soldier scaled the wall of the fortress by turret.士兵通过塔车攀登上了要塞的城墙。
85 psychiatrists 45b6a81e510da4f31f5b0fecd7b77261     
n.精神病专家,精神病医生( psychiatrist的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • They are psychiatrists in good standing. 他们是合格的精神病医生。 来自辞典例句
  • Some psychiatrists have patients who grow almost alarmed at how congenial they suddenly feel. 有些精神分析学家发现,他们的某些病人在突然感到惬意的时候几乎会兴奋起来。 来自名作英译部分
86 rape PAQzh     
n.抢夺,掠夺,强奸;vt.掠夺,抢夺,强奸
参考例句:
  • The rape of the countryside had a profound ravage on them.对乡村的掠夺给他们造成严重创伤。
  • He was brought to court and charged with rape.他被带到法庭并被指控犯有强奸罪。
87 arson 3vOz3     
n.纵火,放火
参考例句:
  • He was serving a ten spot for arson.他因纵火罪在服十年徒刑。
  • He was arraigned on a charge of arson.他因被指控犯纵火罪而被传讯。
88 insurgence aa9a9b81d8786fa8880650d65e0a630f     
n.起义;造反;暴动;叛乱
参考例句:
  • US troops moved into the Afghan mountains in an offensive to stop Taliban insurgence. 美军日前进军阿富汗山区阻止塔利班组织的一次暴动。 来自互联网
89 resentment 4sgyv     
n.怨愤,忿恨
参考例句:
  • All her feelings of resentment just came pouring out.她一股脑儿倾吐出所有的怨恨。
  • She cherished a deep resentment under the rose towards her employer.她暗中对她的雇主怀恨在心。
90 taxpayers 8fa061caeafce8edc9456e95d19c84b4     
纳税人,纳税的机构( taxpayer的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Finance for education comes from taxpayers. 教育经费来自纳税人。
  • She was declaiming against the waste of the taxpayers' money. 她慷慨陈词猛烈抨击对纳税人金钱的浪费。
91 ideologies 619df0528e07e84f318a32708414df52     
n.思想(体系)( ideology的名词复数 );思想意识;意识形态;观念形态
参考例句:
  • There is no fundamental diversity between the two ideologies. 这两种思想意识之间并没有根本的分歧。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Radical ideologies require to contrast to their own goodness the wickedness of some other system. 凡是过激的意识形态,都需要有另外一个丑恶的制度作对比,才能衬托出自己的善良。 来自辞典例句
92 nurtured 2f8e1ba68cd5024daf2db19178217055     
养育( nurture的过去式和过去分词 ); 培育; 滋长; 助长
参考例句:
  • She is looking fondly at the plants he had nurtured. 她深情地看着他培育的植物。
  • Any latter-day Einstein would still be spotted and nurtured. 任何一个未来的爱因斯坦都会被发现并受到培养。
93 noted 5n4zXc     
adj.著名的,知名的
参考例句:
  • The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
  • Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。
94 holistic OQqzJ     
adj.从整体着眼的,全面的
参考例句:
  • There is a fundamental ambiguity in the use of word "whole" in recent holistic literature.在近代的整体主义著作中,“整体”这个词的用法极其含混。
  • In so far as historicism is technological,its approach is not piecemeal,but "holistic".仅就历史决定论是一种技术而论,它的方法不是渐进的,而是“整体主义的”。
95 proficient Q1EzU     
adj.熟练的,精通的;n.能手,专家
参考例句:
  • She is proficient at swimming.她精通游泳。
  • I think I'm quite proficient in both written and spoken English.我认为我在英语读写方面相当熟练。
96 parental FL2xv     
adj.父母的;父的;母的
参考例句:
  • He encourages parental involvement in the running of school.他鼓励学生家长参与学校的管理。
  • Children always revolt against parental disciplines.孩子们总是反抗父母的管束。
97 capabilities f7b11037f2050959293aafb493b7653c     
n.能力( capability的名词复数 );可能;容量;[复数]潜在能力
参考例句:
  • He was somewhat pompous and had a high opinion of his own capabilities. 他有点自大,自视甚高。 来自辞典例句
  • Some programmers use tabs to break complex product capabilities into smaller chunks. 一些程序员认为,标签可以将复杂的功能分为每个窗格一组简单的功能。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
98 structural itXw5     
adj.构造的,组织的,建筑(用)的
参考例句:
  • The storm caused no structural damage.风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
  • The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities.北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。
99 alleviate ZxEzJ     
v.减轻,缓和,缓解(痛苦等)
参考例句:
  • The doctor gave her an injection to alleviate the pain.医生给她注射以减轻疼痛。
  • Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
100 advisory lKvyj     
adj.劝告的,忠告的,顾问的,提供咨询
参考例句:
  • I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals.我曾在多家医院做过顾问工作。
  • He was appointed to the advisory committee last month.他上个月获任命为顾问委员会委员。
101 administrative fzDzkc     
adj.行政的,管理的
参考例句:
  • The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。
  • He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。
102 helping 2rGzDc     
n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的,辅助的
参考例句:
  • The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
  • By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。
103 savings ZjbzGu     
n.存款,储蓄
参考例句:
  • I can't afford the vacation,for it would eat up my savings.我度不起假,那样会把我的积蓄用光的。
  • By this time he had used up all his savings.到这时,他的存款已全部用完。
104 fiscal agbzf     
adj.财政的,会计的,国库的,国库岁入的
参考例句:
  • The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy.增税是一项重要的财政政策。
  • The government has two basic strategies of fiscal policy available.政府有两个可行的财政政策基本战略。
105 allocated 01868918c8cec5bc8773e98ae11a0f54     
adj. 分配的 动词allocate的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • The Ford Foundation allocated millions of dollars for cancer research. 福特基金会拨款数百万美元用于癌症研究。
  • More funds will now be allocated to charitable organizations. 现在会拨更多的资金给慈善组织。
106 bilateral dQGyW     
adj.双方的,两边的,两侧的
参考例句:
  • They have been negotiating a bilateral trade deal.他们一直在商谈一项双边贸易协定。
  • There was a wide gap between the views of the two statesmen on the bilateral cooperation.对双方合作的问题,两位政治家各自所持的看法差距甚大。
107 inadequate 2kzyk     
adj.(for,to)不充足的,不适当的
参考例句:
  • The supply is inadequate to meet the demand.供不应求。
  • She was inadequate to the demands that were made on her.她还无力满足对她提出的各项要求。
108 dictate fvGxN     
v.口授;(使)听写;指令,指示,命令
参考例句:
  • It took him a long time to dictate this letter.口述这封信花了他很长时间。
  • What right have you to dictate to others?你有什么资格向别人发号施令?
109 constraints d178923285d63e9968956a0a4758267e     
强制( constraint的名词复数 ); 限制; 约束
参考例句:
  • Data and constraints can easily be changed to test theories. 信息库中的数据和限制条件可以轻易地改变以检验假设。 来自英汉非文学 - 科学史
  • What are the constraints that each of these imply for any design? 这每种产品的要求和约束对于设计意味着什么? 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
110 initially 273xZ     
adv.最初,开始
参考例句:
  • The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
  • Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。
111 commissioner gq3zX     
n.(政府厅、局、处等部门)专员,长官,委员
参考例句:
  • The commissioner has issued a warrant for her arrest.专员发出了对她的逮捕令。
  • He was tapped for police commissioner.他被任命为警务处长。
112 faculties 066198190456ba4e2b0a2bda2034dfc5     
n.能力( faculty的名词复数 );全体教职员;技巧;院
参考例句:
  • Although he's ninety, his mental faculties remain unimpaired. 他虽年届九旬,但头脑仍然清晰。
  • All your faculties have come into play in your work. 在你的工作中,你的全部才能已起到了作用。 来自《简明英汉词典》
113 aged 6zWzdI     
adj.年老的,陈年的
参考例句:
  • He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了,也老点了。
  • He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老,然而记忆力还好。
114 harassment weNxI     
n.骚扰,扰乱,烦恼,烦乱
参考例句:
  • She often got telephone harassment at night these days.这些天她经常在夜晚受到电话骚扰。
  • The company prohibits any form of harassment.公司禁止任何形式的骚扰行为。
115 inaccessible 49Nx8     
adj.达不到的,难接近的
参考例句:
  • This novel seems to me among the most inaccessible.这本书对我来说是最难懂的小说之一。
  • The top of Mount Everest is the most inaccessible place in the world.珠穆朗玛峰是世界上最难到达的地方。
116 versatility xiQwT     
n.多才多艺,多样性,多功能
参考例句:
  • Versatility is another of your strong points,but don't overdo it by having too many irons in the fire.你还有一个长处是多才多艺,但不要揽事太多而太露锋芒。
  • This versatility comes from a dual weather influence.这种多样性是由于双重的气候影响而形成的。
117 devoted xu9zka     
adj.忠诚的,忠实的,热心的,献身于...的
参考例句:
  • He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
  • We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。
118 virtue BpqyH     
n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力
参考例句:
  • He was considered to be a paragon of virtue.他被认为是品德尽善尽美的典范。
  • You need to decorate your mind with virtue.你应该用德行美化心灵。
119 systematically 7qhwn     
adv.有系统地
参考例句:
  • This government has systematically run down public services since it took office.这一屆政府自上台以来系统地削减了公共服务。
  • The rainforest is being systematically destroyed.雨林正被系统地毀灭。
120 fickleness HtfzRP     
n.易变;无常;浮躁;变化无常
参考例句:
  • While she always criticized the fickleness of human nature. 她一方面总是批评人的本性朝三暮四。 来自互联网
  • Cor.1:17 This therefore intending, did I then use fickleness? 林后一17我有这样的意思,难道是行事轻浮么? 来自互联网
121 pedantry IuTyz     
n.迂腐,卖弄学问
参考例句:
  • The book is a demonstration of scholarship without pedantry.这本书表现出学术水平又不故意卖弄学问。
  • He fell into a kind of pedantry.他变得有点喜欢卖弄学问。
122 pointed Il8zB4     
adj.尖的,直截了当的
参考例句:
  • He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
  • She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。
123 versed bffzYC     
adj. 精通,熟练
参考例句:
  • He is well versed in history.他精通历史。
  • He versed himself in European literature. 他精通欧洲文学。
124 specimen Xvtwm     
n.样本,标本
参考例句:
  • You'll need tweezers to hold up the specimen.你要用镊子来夹这标本。
  • This specimen is richly variegated in colour.这件标本上有很多颜色。
125 renowned okSzVe     
adj.著名的,有名望的,声誉鹊起的
参考例句:
  • He is one of the world's renowned writers.他是世界上知名的作家之一。
  • She is renowned for her advocacy of human rights.她以提倡人权而闻名。
126 faculty HhkzK     
n.才能;学院,系;(学院或系的)全体教学人员
参考例句:
  • He has a great faculty for learning foreign languages.他有学习外语的天赋。
  • He has the faculty of saying the right thing at the right time.他有在恰当的时候说恰当的话的才智。
127 collaborate SWgyC     
vi.协作,合作;协调
参考例句:
  • The work gets done more quickly when we collaborate.我们一旦合作,工作做起来就更快了。
  • I would ask you to collaborate with us in this work.我们愿意请你们在这项工作中和我们合作。
128 acclaimed 90ebf966469bbbcc8cacff5bee4678fe     
adj.受人欢迎的
参考例句:
  • They acclaimed him as the best writer of the year. 他们称赞他为当年的最佳作者。
  • Confuscius is acclaimed as a great thinker. 孔子被赞誉为伟大的思想家。
129 accomplished UzwztZ     
adj.有才艺的;有造诣的;达到了的
参考例句:
  • Thanks to your help,we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.亏得你们帮忙,我们才提前完成了任务。
  • Removal of excess heat is accomplished by means of a radiator.通过散热器完成多余热量的排出。
130 plaza v2yzD     
n.广场,市场
参考例句:
  • They designated the new shopping centre York Plaza.他们给这个新购物中心定名为约克购物中心。
  • The plaza is teeming with undercover policemen.这个广场上布满了便衣警察。
131 Mandarin TorzdX     
n.中国官话,国语,满清官吏;adj.华丽辞藻的
参考例句:
  • Just over one billion people speak Mandarin as their native tongue.大约有十亿以上的人口以华语为母语。
  • Mandarin will be the new official language of the European Union.普通话会变成欧盟新的官方语言。
132 amnesia lwLzy     
n.健忘症,健忘
参考例句:
  • People suffering from amnesia don't forget their general knowledge of objects.患健忘症的人不会忘记关于物体的一些基本知识。
  • Chinese medicine experts developed a way to treat amnesia using marine materials.中国医学专家研制出用海洋物质治疗遗忘症的方法。
133 transformation SnFwO     
n.变化;改造;转变
参考例句:
  • Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation in her outlook.上大学使她的观念发生了巨大的变化。
  • He was struggling to make the transformation from single man to responsible husband.他正在努力使自己由单身汉变为可靠的丈夫。
134 demolished 3baad413d6d10093a39e09955dfbdfcb     
v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 );推翻;拆毁(尤指大建筑物);吃光
参考例句:
  • The factory is due to be demolished next year. 这个工厂定于明年拆除。
  • They have been fighting a rearguard action for two years to stop their house being demolished. 两年来,为了不让拆除他们的房子,他们一直在进行最后的努力。
135 innovative D6Vxq     
adj.革新的,新颖的,富有革新精神的
参考例句:
  • Discover an innovative way of marketing.发现一个创新的营销方式。
  • He was one of the most creative and innovative engineers of his generation.他是他那代人当中最富创造性与革新精神的工程师之一。
136 partnerships ce2e6aff420d72bbf56e8077be344bc9     
n.伙伴关系( partnership的名词复数 );合伙人身份;合作关系
参考例句:
  • Partnerships suffer another major disadvantage: decision-making is shared. 合伙企业的另一主要缺点是决定要由大家来作。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
  • It involved selling off limited partnerships. 它涉及到售出有限的合伙权。 来自辞典例句
137 entirely entirely     
ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地
参考例句:
  • The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
  • His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。
138 implementing be68540dfa000a0fb38be40d32259215     
v.实现( implement的现在分词 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • -- Implementing a comprehensive drug control strategy. ――实行综合治理的禁毒战略。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • He was in no hurry about implementing his unshakable principle. 他并不急于实行他那不可动摇的原则。 来自辞典例句
139 feminist mliyh     
adj.主张男女平等的,女权主义的
参考例句:
  • She followed the feminist movement.她支持女权运动。
  • From then on,feminist studies on literature boomed.从那时起,男女平等受教育的现象开始迅速兴起。
140 unprecedented 7gSyJ     
adj.无前例的,新奇的
参考例句:
  • The air crash caused an unprecedented number of deaths.这次空难的死亡人数是空前的。
  • A flood of this sort is really unprecedented.这样大的洪水真是十年九不遇。
141 genetic PgIxp     
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
参考例句:
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
142 devastating muOzlG     
adj.毁灭性的,令人震惊的,强有力的
参考例句:
  • It is the most devastating storm in 20 years.这是20年来破坏性最大的风暴。
  • Affairs do have a devastating effect on marriages.婚外情确实会对婚姻造成毁灭性的影响。
143 insidious fx6yh     
adj.阴险的,隐匿的,暗中为害的,(疾病)不知不觉之间加剧
参考例句:
  • That insidious man bad-mouthed me to almost everyone else.那个阴险的家伙几乎见人便说我的坏话。
  • Organized crime has an insidious influence on all who come into contact with it.所有和集团犯罪有关的人都会不知不觉地受坏影响。
144 worthy vftwB     
adj.(of)值得的,配得上的;有价值的
参考例句:
  • I did not esteem him to be worthy of trust.我认为他不值得信赖。
  • There occurred nothing that was worthy to be mentioned.没有值得一提的事发生。
145 solitary 7FUyx     
adj.孤独的,独立的,荒凉的;n.隐士
参考例句:
  • I am rather fond of a solitary stroll in the country.我颇喜欢在乡间独自徜徉。
  • The castle rises in solitary splendour on the fringe of the desert.这座城堡巍然耸立在沙漠的边际,显得十分壮美。
146 provincial Nt8ye     
adj.省的,地方的;n.外省人,乡下人
参考例句:
  • City dwellers think country folk have provincial attitudes.城里人以为乡下人思想迂腐。
  • Two leading cadres came down from the provincial capital yesterday.昨天从省里下来了两位领导干部。
147 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
148 monetary pEkxb     
adj.货币的,钱的;通货的;金融的;财政的
参考例句:
  • The monetary system of some countries used to be based on gold.过去有些国家的货币制度是金本位制的。
  • Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。
149 petroleum WiUyi     
n.原油,石油
参考例句:
  • The Government of Iran advanced the price of petroleum last week.上星期伊朗政府提高了石油价格。
  • The purpose of oil refinery is to refine crude petroleum.炼油厂的主要工作是提炼原油。
150 aeronautics BKVyg     
n.航空术,航空学
参考例句:
  • National Aeronautics and Space undertakings have made great progress.国家的航空航天事业有了很大的发展。
  • He devoted every spare moment to aeronautics.他把他所有多余的时间用在航空学上。
151 inefficient c76xm     
adj.效率低的,无效的
参考例句:
  • The inefficient operation cost the firm a lot of money.低效率的运作使该公司损失了许多钱。
  • Their communication systems are inefficient in the extreme.他们的通讯系统效率非常差。
152 edible Uqdxx     
n.食品,食物;adj.可食用的
参考例句:
  • Edible wild herbs kept us from dying of starvation.我们靠着野菜才没被饿死。
  • This kind of mushroom is edible,but that kind is not.这种蘑菇吃得,那种吃不得。
153 gathering ChmxZ     
n.集会,聚会,聚集
参考例句:
  • He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
  • He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。
154 specimens 91fc365099a256001af897127174fcce     
n.样品( specimen的名词复数 );范例;(化验的)抽样;某种类型的人
参考例句:
  • Astronauts have brought back specimens of rock from the moon. 宇航员从月球带回了岩石标本。
  • The traveler brought back some specimens of the rocks from the mountains. 那位旅行者从山上带回了一些岩石标本。 来自《简明英汉词典》
155 coherence jWGy3     
n.紧凑;连贯;一致性
参考例句:
  • There was no coherence between the first and the second half of the film.这部电影的前半部和后半部没有连贯性。
  • Environmental education is intended to give these topics more coherence.环境教育的目的是使这些课题更加息息相关。
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