国务院关于下达《国家中长期科学技术发展纲领》的通知
CIRCULAR OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON TRANSMISSION OF THE STATE MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM PROGRAMME ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

（March 8， 1992）
颁布日期：19920308 　实施日期：19920308 　颁布单位：国务院

　　The State Medium- and Long-term Programme on Science and Technology Development has been examined and approved by the 94th Executive Meeting of the State Council and is hereby transmitted to you for its implementation¹.

　　The Medium- and Long-term Outlines on Science and Technology Development and the Ten-Year Programme and Eighth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China on Science and Technology Development has been agreed to in principle by the State Council and will be circulated separately by the State Science and Technology Commission.

　　THE STATE MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM PROGRAMME ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

　　As the human society is greeting a new century， the world is undergoing tremendous changes. The revolution of new science and technology is developing swiftly and violently. Market competition is more and more intense. The international political wind and cloud is in an unpredictable situation. Our country and nation is faced with urgent and serious challenges. With a view to realizing the second-stage strategic objectives by the year 2000 and further making our country among moderately-developed states by the middle of the next century， we should persist in the four basic principles， continue reform and opening up and speed up economic and social development depending on progress in science and technology. That is a great and hard task， which concerns the future of our country and the fortune of socialism.

　　The present Programme is formulated³ according to the Decision of the 13th National Congress of Representatives of the Communist Party of China （CPC） and gists of successive CPC Central Plenary Sessions ever since the 13th Congress. The purpose of the Programme is to precisely⁴ stipulate⁵ strategies， guidelines， policies and key areas regarding medium and long term development of natural sciences and technologies in our country and to direct coordinative⁶ development of science and technology on one hand and economy and society on the other hand by the year 2000 even throughout 2020.

　　I. Situation And Choice

　　1. Science and technology is the first productive force and renders the greatest revolutionary impetus⁷ to economic-social development. Under the superior socialist⁸ system the progress of science and technology and improvement of management will play a decisive role in our country's modernization⁹. To bring economic construction onto the approach of depending more on science and technology advance and labour quality improvement will inevitably¹⁰ ensure successive realization¹¹ of the second-stage strategic objectives of our country and lay a solid foundation for achievement of the third-stage strategic objectives. In accordance with the three-stage strategy of the national economic construction and in the light of the tendency and trends of international science and technology development， it is an important historic task to make an overall arrangement for development of science and technology over the coming 10 to 30 years.

　　2. Over the last forty years， our country has made remarkable¹² achievements in science and technology which attract world attention. Right now the whole country has a scientific and technological¹³ contingent¹⁴ of 10，900，000 people， among which 1，050，000 people are engaged in development-oriented research. Independent research and development institutions have numbered over 5，000 and another more than 7，000 research-based development institutions are affiliated¹⁵ to enterprises. A relatively¹⁶ complete science and technology research system has been established， and a series of important world-recognized scientific and technologic achievements have been fulfilled. Our country has mainly depended upon our own talents in solution of a large number of important scientific and technologic problems in economic and national defence construction and in social development. Especially over the last ten years of reform and opening up when our country has readjusted science and technology development policy， significant breakthroughs have been made in reform of science and technology institutional system， organization of tackling key problems， expansion of technologic achievements， promotion¹⁷ of scientific and technological progress in countryside， facilitation of development of hi-tech industries and strengthening of international scientific and technological cooperation and exchange.

　　3. Over the last forty years of scientific and technologic development we have accumulated rich experiences while weal so have a lot of lessons to draw.

　　Our main experiences are as follows： Firstly， scientific and technological work must persist in being subject to the party's leadership and socialist approach. Secondly¹⁸， we must persist in reform and opening up. While planned management should be perfected the role of the market in readjustment must be brought into play so that the transfer of scientific and technological achievements into production could be facilitated and combination of science and technology with economy could be promoted. On the basis of self-reliance， advanced foreign experiences and achievements in science and technology must be learned from in an active manner so that development of science and technology could be accelerated. Thirdly， under the unified¹⁹ leadership of the state， personnel and material resources should be concentrated to organize attacking key problems and fulfilling important research tasks that are significant to national economic development and social progress. Fourthly， while the role of mainstay of scientific and technological contingents²⁰ should be brought into full play， attention should also be paid to combination of the research work of expertise²¹ with technological reform of the mass， integration²² of leading officials with the skilled personnel， the workers and farmers so that efforts could be joined to promote application of scientific and technological achievements and dissemination²³ of scientific and technological knowledge and to improve scientific and cultural quality of all nationalities of the people.

　　Our major lessons are as follows： Firstly， in both guiding ideology²⁴ and actual work of social development， we failed to continuously and consistently place scientific and technological development at the important strategic position. Secondly， economic development lacks the support of a mechanism²⁵ and internal motive²⁶ by which scientific and technological progress is depended upon. Scientific and technological development is short of vitality²⁷ arisen from economic development orientation²⁸. Large amount of technological achievements failed to be transformed into productive capacity. Consequently science and technology is divorced to certain extent from economic and social development and potentials of science and technology have not been given full play. Thirdly， scientific and technological work suffers shortage of overall arrangement， rational division of work and prevalence of low-level repetition. Often times state circumstances were neglected， unpractical goals were blindly pursued in expectation of immediate²⁹ achievement. Fourthly， important error took place in terms of policy of intellectuals to the consequence of seriously damaging intellectuals' enthusiasm and creativity and effecting healthy development of scientific and technological contingents. The social atmosphere has not been nurtured³⁰ in which knowledge and talents are respected.

　　4. Scientific and technological work shall be oriented to modernization， to the world and to the future. The revolution of new sciences and technologies in modern world has been so vigorously developing that science and technology has unprecedentedly³² and extensively penetrated³³ into all fields of human society. As a consequence， social productivity has been brought to a great leap forward and in-depth change has happened in the global structure. Economic and social development in all countries more and more depends upon progress of science and technology. Combination and overlap³⁴ occur between basic researches， pragmatic researches and technological development. The duration of the transform of technological achievements into commodity production has become shorter and shorter. Science， technology， education and production have become more and more closely connected.

　　In prospect³⁵ for the scientific and technological development worldwide in the forthcoming 10 to 30 years， a series of newly developed sciences and technologies will undergo breakthrough and new productive technologies and new conception of natural phenomena³⁷ will exert in-depth influence upon development of human society. Development of hi-and-new-tech will further change the present industrial structure and become an important factor in the competition of global economy. Economic development and scientific and technological progress in the world tends to be globalized and competition in sciences and technologies all the more becomes a decisive factor in international economic competition. At the same time the human society have to strengthen international cooperation to solve such global problems as population， environment， resources and calamity³⁸. No country can realize modernization in a closed-upstate.

　　5. Science and technology shall be developed in the light of circumstances of our country. Our country has a large population， poor in resources， backward in social productivity with 80% of its population living in the countryside. It will remain in a preliminary stage of socialism for a long time to come. Economic and social development in our country is restrained by factors of population， resources and environment， etc…… The population has recorded over 1.1 billion and is expected to amount to 1.5 billion in the 2020s even the growth rate is brought under strict control. Although the general volume of majority of resources reserve available in our country is quite large but per capita distribution of resources is relatively inadequate³⁹. Per capita arable⁴⁰ land in our country is only one third of the average level of the world as a whole while for drinking water that figure is one fourth， for forest， one fifth and for energy resource only one half. Environment pollution and ecological⁴¹ degradation⁴² have imposed serious threat to economic and social development.

　　Over a long period of time in the past we have developed our economy by consuming a large amount of resources. A big number of industries were run with backward technology and poor management， resulting in poor quality of products and low economic efficiency. Our country is among the states with highest energy consumption per product unit and productive efficiency of social labour is equivalent to only 5% of that in advanced countries. The disparity is basically a kind of difference in level of science and technology， in education and in management. If we still remain in short of a sense of urgency and emergency and don't try to catch up， the disparity will be broadened and our country will have the danger of failure to achieve objectives of our socialist modernization and we will not have the position in the world that we should have.

　　6. To realize modernization of science and technology is critical for realization of economic modernization and remarkable increase of productive efficiency. We should bring science and technology into maximum play in the role as the first productive force. We should show respect to knowledge， to talents and conscientiously⁴³ transfer economic construction approach to more reliance upon scientific and technological progress and improvement of labour quality. This important decision suggests a historic change in development strategy regarding science， technology， economy and the society in our country and is most significant to realization of objectives scheduled for the present century and through to the middle of the next century.

　　Looking into the future， we should have a clear-headed awareness⁴⁴ of the serious situation while we should all the more be conscious of our advantages and meet those challenges with full confidence. By now our country has owned relatively strong scientific and technological power and has achieved a lot of successful experiences. More significantly the ten years of reform and opening up has vitalized the development of both economy and science and technology. So long as we conscientiously carry out the basic guidelines of the party， give full play to the role of science and technology as the first productive force， rouse ourselves up and unite in struggle， we will surely be able to accelerate development of social productivity， shake off poverty and backwardness， realize the ambitious objectives of modernization and make socialism fully⁴⁵ demonstrate its superiority.

　　II. Strategies and Guiding Principles

　　7. The basic strategy on scientific and technological development in our country includes strengthening scientific and technological awareness of the whole nation， improving quality of the labour， mobilizing and attracting majority of the scientific and technological contingents to devote themselves to the key battle for national economic construction， emphasizing technological innovations， strenuously⁴⁶ absorbing and utilizing⁴⁷ advanced and applicable technologies in the world and speeding up technological innovations in all fields of the national economy. Over a long period of time in the future development of science and technology should be mainly oriented to large-scaled industrial technology construction and equipment modernization while at the same time hi-tech and new technologies and industries based there upon should be developed in a planned and programmed manner， basic researches should be strengthened steadily⁴⁸ and scientific reserves should also be reinforced.

　　8. Strategic objectives of scientific and technological development in our country must be based on the general objectives and arrangements for national economic and social development. Modern sciences and technologies must be applied⁴⁹ to serve the purpose of reinforcing overall national strength and improving people's living standards with the focus of helping⁵⁰ solve problems arising from large-scaled modernized⁵¹ production of commodities in both industry and agriculture， effectively control and alleviate⁵² pressures of population， resources and environment. In several scientific and technological fields where our country has advantages， we must be bold in making innovations， maintain the tendency of development and continue to hold certain position upon the advanced-list of the world. Breakthroughs must be made in key fields of high and new technologies and basic researches so that the advanced level of the world could be caught up with and some high and new technology based industries that have international competitive power could be established. By the year 2000 major industries of our country should have their technological level caught up with that of the economically developed countries in the 1970s or in the early years of 1980s. By the year 2020 they should have equivalent technological level with that of those countries at the beginning of the 21st century so that the gap with the advanced level could be further narrowed as a whole.

　　As regards development of agricultural sciences and technologies， the relationship between application expansion and research development must be dealt with properly. Applicable and supplementary⁵³ advanced technologies should be spread. Service systems for the commodity economy which take science and technology as pillar should be developed actively⁵⁴. Technological level of agriculture should be heightened. Productive structure， commodity structure and employment structure in agriculture should be readjusted in an appropriate manner. At the same time agricultural scientific and technological work should be strengthened substantially and relevant disposition⁵⁵ in depth should be properly arranged for so that strength could be reserved for future development of agriculture. The projects of “Spark”， “Bumper Harvest” and “Prairie Fire”， which are intended for agricultural economic development， should continue to be implemented⁵⁶.

　　Development of industrial science and technology should be focused on rise of economic efficiency. Enterprises， especially large and medium-sized enterprises， should attach great value to scientific and technological progress. All industrial departments should emphasize utilization⁵⁷ of modern sciences and technologies， modern management technologies， particularly electronic information technology to conduct technological innovations. Technological level of machinery⁵⁸ equipment should also be raised. Energy should be saved， resource consumption should be cut down， quality should be improved， variety of products should be developed， work efficiency and competitive capacity of products should be improved， industrial structure and product structure should be optimized⁶⁰ so that our economy could change from a situation of high consumption and low efficiency to that of low consumption but high efficiency.

　　With the view of creating a favour able natural and social environment for our people， research and development of sciences and technologies concerning social progress should be strengthened， particularly those sciences and technologies in respect to population， medicine and hygiene⁶¹， social services， public infrastructure⁶²， environmental and biological protection， calamity forecasting and prevention， etc……

　　Development of high and new technologies should keep on with the principle of “Restraining Objectives and Emphasizing Key Projects”。 The state should support those high and new technological researches as key areas that could probably make significant breakthroughs and have promising⁶³ future of application. The state should substantially render aid and support to development of high-and-new-technology-based industries. The state should actively create conditions and conscientiously manage high-and-new-technology development zones in a proper manner. International cooperation in and market expansion of high and new technologies should be accelerated. Import and export of high and new technologies should be enlarged so that international resources can be utilized⁶⁵ and new-and-high-technology-based industries in our country can be directed to the approach of globalization. Projects of high and new technology research and development such as “Attacking Hard-core Programme”， “863 Programme” and “Torch Programme” should be actively promoted so that breakthroughs can be made in some fields and commercialization， industrialization and internationalization of high and new technologies can be accelerated.

　　Basic researches should comply with rule of scientific development itself. Survey and tracking of several scientific frontiers should be strengthened so that we could strive to be listed in the advanced international ranks. Pragmatic basic researches should be targeted at solutions to important scientific and technological problems related to economic and social development. A selected and highly capable troop should be maintained for basic and pragmatic basic researches and should win steady support from the state. China Academy of Sciences and high education colleges should be brought into full play and coordination⁶⁷ and cooperation between the two should be strengthened so as to be in the benefit of education of talents and maintenance of vitality.

　　Development of science and technology in the field of national defence should comply with the principles of shortening battle line， focusing on key projects， strengthening scientific and technological work and making innovations step by step. Attention should be paid to research and development of high technologies that are essential to improving performance of important conventional weapons and developing new military capacity in the future and of technologies that will lay a foundation for further development of sciences and technologies in national defence. Highly sophisticated technologies in national defence should be developed continuously and the momentum⁶⁸ of their progress should be maintained. Promotion of technological modernization of weapons and military equipment should continue with a view to achieving remarkable advance in hi-tech based conventional weapons， maintaining the effectiveness of the capacity of nuclear deterrence⁶⁹ for self-defence， shortening the gap with advanced levels in the world， catching⁷⁰ up with the world advanced standards in some fields. Science and technology in national defence of our country could then occupy certain position in the kingdom of most advanced sciences and technologies in the world.

　　9. The basic principle should be adhered to that “economic construction must rely upon science and technology； scientific and technological work must be oriented to economic construction”。 The progress of science and technology must be coordinated⁷¹ with the economic and social development. While this basic principle is observed and carried out the following guiding principles that have long-term implications should also be complied with and implemented consciously：

　　—— The ideology that science and technology is the first productive force should be observed conscientiously. Awareness of the importance of science and technology should be disseminated⁷² among the whole party and all the people so that the social atmosphere could be created in which knowledge and talents are respected. Governments at different levels should effectively strengthen leadership over scientific and technological work， give full play to the role of scientific and technological personnel， improve scientificness， democratization and institutionalization of decision-making and create environment and conditions in favour of scientific and technological development.

　　—— Reform and opening up should be adhered to. Science and technology should be developed in the environment of reform and opening up. Reform of scientific and technological system shall be coordinated with the reform of economic system and political system. While the competitive mechanism and the role of market should be brought into further play， governments should strengthen their macro-control function and necessary collective management measures and conduct intervention⁷³ and coordination through policy-making， legislative⁷⁴， administrative⁷⁵ and economic means.

　　—— The principle of combining self-reliance， self-development and introduction of technologies must be adhered to. Introduction， absorption and innovation of advanced foreign technologies should be adopted as an important approach to accelerated development of sciences and technologies in our country.

　　—— The principle of “letting a hundred flowers blossom and letting a hundred schools contend” must be adhered to. Socialist democracy should be made full use of. Academic freedom should be safeguarded. Survey and innovation must be encouraged.

　　—— The principle of combining popularization with the raising of standards should be adhered to. While both comprehensive and in-depth arrangements for scientific and technological development are made， the mass technological innovations should be actively encouraged. Scientific knowledge should be strenuously popularized and scientific awareness of the workers should be improved continuously. A long-term struggle should be conducted against ignorance and superstition⁷⁶.

　　III. Focal Development Areas

　　10. Agricultural sciences and technologies. Agriculture is the foundation of national economy. Sustained agricultural development is a decisive factor for long stability and coordinated development of national economy and concerns the overall situation of construction， reform and social stability. As population increases year after year， arable land decreases continuously， agricultural resources are severely⁷⁷ deficient⁷⁸ and biological environment deteriorates⁷⁹ continuously， extensive approach to agriculture will have no way out.

　　Therefore the principle of agricultural prosperity relying upon science and technology must be adhered to. Science， technology and modern industry should be taken for strong pillars. A modernized technological system must be established for agricultural production. Ratio of land utilization， productivity of labour and commercialization rate of commodities should be raised remarkably⁸⁰ so that traditional agriculture could be transformed to modern intensive agriculture which is based on modern science and technology.

　　Focal areas of agricultural science and technology include the following：

　　—— Arable land available should be effectively protected and utilized to the full. The total state land resources， particularly large pieces of moderate and low harvest fields， should be brought under planned transformation⁸¹. Drought and semi-drought enduring agricultural technologies， water saving and irrigating⁸² technologies should be strenuously developed. The potentials of hilly land， grass land， water surface and large pieces of beach should be developed and tapped. Water conservancy should be conducted. Erosion of water and soil should be prevented from. Biological environment should be protected. A reasonable compound biological system covering farming， forestry⁸³， animal husbandry， sideline production and fishery should be established.

　　—— More food sources should be developed. New protein resources and mixed fodder⁸⁴ should be developed. Multiple food stuff producing and processing technologies should be developed. All kinds of animal and plant resources should be utilized comprehensively in order that food structure of citizens in both cities and countryside could be improved.

　　—— Hybrid⁸⁵ vigor³¹ and genetic⁸⁶ engineering technologies should be utilized for breeding of new varieties of plants and animals that are highly productive， fine in quality and highly preventive. Farming skills and husbandry technologies for， say， application of comprehensive and compound fertilizer and water-saving irrigation should be studied and developed intensively so that quantity and quality of agricultural products could be raised substantially.

　　—— Agriculture and township enterprises should be equipped with up-to-date industrial technologies. Technologies for preserving， keeping fresh， processing， packing and comprehensive utilizing of agricultural products should be developed in order that agricultural industrialization and management could be facilitated and surplus labour in agriculture could be transformed to a commodity economy in the countryside.

　　11. Industrial sciences and technologies. Industry is a dominant⁸⁷ department in national economy. The technological level， productive capacity and economic efficiency of industry in our country dominate the whole economic development. Our country has established a preliminary industrial system with relatively complete departments. But generally speaking the backward situation of industrial technologies remains⁸⁸ unchanged in basic terms. It is observed that equipment， technologies and management skills are so backward， designs are so out of date and the level of mechanization and automatization is so low that performance and quality of products are poor， energy and material consumption is high and economic efficiency and international competitive capacity of the products are low.

　　Therefore the main tasks for industrial scientific and technological development are： to transform major industrial fields of our country with modern sciences and technologies and particularly micro-electric technologies； to readjust and optimize⁵⁹ industrial structure； to extensively utilize⁶⁴ new technological theories and new designing methods； to renew equipment， technologies and products； to develop new manufacturing technologies and resources exploitation technologies； to raise the level of automation and computerization in large-scale production； to enlarge the proportion of domestically made sets of advanced technological equipment in major trades of industry and improve management technological level and safe production technological level； and consequently to raise economic efficiency， enrich variety of products， improve quality and strengthen international competitive capacity.

　　—— Energy is a critical factor for promotion of the national economic development. Energy science and technology development should be subject to the principle of attaching equal value to development and economized⁸⁹ use. Utilization ratio of energy should be raised dramatically， utilization structure should be improved and pollution should be decreased.

　　Work of energy concerned science and technology should be focused on development of technologies for exploration and exploitation of oil in desert and the sea； technologies for rise of exploitation ratio in old oil fields； technologies for coal mining， utilization， safe production and cleaning； technologies for manufacturing of large capacity and advanced thermal-power-driven machines； technologies for construction of hydro-electric power station under sophisticated conditions； technologies for transmission and distribution of extra high voltage electricity； technologies for research and development of large-scale and advanced nuclear energy and nuclear safety； technologies for development of new， economical， applicable energies and energies applicable in countryside and technologies to be extensively expanded and utilized for economizing⁹⁰ on energy.

　　—— Transportation and communication are important infrastructure and prerequired departments for national economic and social development.

　　Utilization of science and technology for promotion of transportation and communication development should be targeted to dramatically raising comprehensive transportation efficiency and utilization ratio of equipment on the basis of coordinated development of various transportation technologies and developing advanced communication network and communication technologies.

　　Focal efforts in transportation concerned science and technology development should be： to accelerate research and development of key technologies for containerized transport， high-speed passenger transport and passenger-cargo multiple chained transport； to accelerate research and development of key technologies for railway high-weight transport and technologies for high-speed railway passenger transport of specific lines at 200 kilometers per hour and above； to research and develop technologies for transport using high-efficiency energy； to develop key technologies for oceangoing transport， inland water transport system and boats manufacturing； to develop new technologies for expressway and Grade 1 and Grade 2 automobile-specific traffic lines， for high-efficiency truck transport and for manufacturing all kinds of motor cycles； to develop technologies for designing， manufacturing and batch⁹¹ production of aircraft for major flights within our country； to strengthen research on technologies for flying safety； and to strenuously expand and utilize computer and automatic technologies with a view to improving management modernization of transportation as soon as possible.

　　Focal points of development of communication science and technology should be： to develop as a priority technologies for satellite communication and optical fiber⁹² communication； to emphasize development of digital micro-wave communication and movable communication； to research and develop technologies for digital programme controlled exchange and communication network and gradually develop technologies for digital network of comprehensive business.

　　—— Materials industry is a basic industry of national economy. Development of materials science and technology should be mainly directed to improvement of quality， enlargement of variety， deduction⁹³ of costs and alleviation⁹⁴ of the tension between demand and supply.

　　Focal points of materials science and technology should be： to strengthen technologies for resources exploitation and comprehensive utilization and well conduct exploration， analysis and comprehensive evaluation⁹⁵ of mineral resources； to develop advanced technology for exploitation and selection of materials and whole sets of equipment and to research into exploitation and comprehensive utilization of inter² grown minerals； to strengthen research into ferrous and nonferrous metals， organic macromolecule and inorganic⁹⁶ nonmetallic materials and strengthen research and development of technology for modification⁹⁷ of traditional materials and new materials； to develop high-class fine chemical products specific in use and superior in performance and to research and develop new technologies for coal chemical industry and for retrieving⁹⁸ and re-utilization of reclaimed⁹⁹ resources.

　　—— Machinery and electronics are equipment industries of the national economy. The performance， quality， efficiency and turnover¹⁰⁰ rate of mechanic and electronic equipment determine productive and technical level and economical efficiency of different fields in national economy.

　　Focal points of mechanical and electronic science and technology are： to research on and develop key technologies for designing， manufacturing and testing basic mechanical components¹⁰¹ and new generation electronic cells so that quality and reliability¹⁰² of basic products could be raised comprehensively； to develop technologies for design and manufacture of important complete sets of equipment and technologies for process control of systems； to develop products that are based on combination of mechanical and electronic technologies； to develop computer-aid design technology， manufacture and testing technology， numeral control and sensing test technology； to develop and spread electric and electronic technologies for saving on energy.

　　—— Consumer goods industry is closely related to people's livelihood¹⁰³ and thus most important. But scientific and technical level of that industry is relatively backward and potential for further development is rather high.

　　Consumer goods industries like light industry， textile， clothing， household electric appliances， etc. should extensively introduce advanced mechanical and electronic technologies， gradually introduce international standards， create new color and pattern varieties， improve products quality and actively expand export.

　　12. Science and technology on social development. Whether or not the increase of population could be brought under successful control， quality of the population could be improved， natural resources could be properly exploited and ecological environment could be protected are important matters concerning the future of the Chinese nation. A comprehensive approach in terms of political， economic， social and cultural aspects should be adopted to solve those problems and at the same time research and application of science and technology on social development should be strengthened.

　　Focal points of science and technology on social development are：

　　—— To strengthen scientific research on population for resolute¹⁰⁴ control of population increase； to vigorously improve and perfect present birth control technical skills and practices for more safe， convenient， economical and effective methods.

　　—— To strengthen research on meteorology， earthquake and natural calamities¹⁰⁵ like flood and drought； to develop disaster relief techniques； to establish as soon as possible an engineering system for monitor， assessment¹⁰⁶ of natural calamity and decision-making-aiding techniques； to timely monitor， forecast and assess calamity developing process using remote sensing techniques and systematic¹⁰⁷ monitoring techniques so as to allow for early action and reduced loss.

　　—— To research and develop different highly effective complete sets of techniques and equipment for control of pollution， paying special attention to techniques for reducing burning coal pollution； to develop ecological engineering constructions； to begin research into greenhouse effect， acid rain， ozone¹⁰⁸ and their influence upon environment and human body and put forward responsive strategies.

　　—— Development of medical science and technology concerns the national economy and the people's livelihood and occupies an important position in terms of social development. Our country's precious traditional medicines and rich medicinal resources should be used and developed to the full. Research on national medical science should be strengthened. Research on common diseases， frequent diseases that endanger people's health and research on gerontology should be strengthened. Independent development should be promoted for creation of different new medicines high in quality and effect but low in side-effect. Research on and production of medical equipment and apparatus¹⁰⁹ should also be reinforced.

　　—— For improvement of people's living environment and housing condition， technical level in respect to programming， design， operation and management of construction in urban and rural areas should be raised. Economical， practical and advanced building materials and operational instruments should be developed so that quality and function of residence in both cities and countryside could be improved and technical level of public installments¹¹⁰ and public services could be heightened.

　　13. High technologies and hi-tech industry. High technology and high-tech⁶⁶ industry is a source and foundation for sustained development of social productivity. From the very beginning， research on high technology should be closely combined with technical innovations in traditional industries， should serve to expand hi-tech development zones， facilitate hi-tech commercialization， industrialization and internationalization. Major attempts should be made to achieve breakthroughs in fields of micro-electronics， information， biology， new materials， aeronautics¹¹¹ and astronautics， automation， new energy， laser and oceanology so that our country may occupy certain position in hi-tech community of the world.

　　Focal points of high technology development are：

　　—— Microelectronics and computer techniques are the technological pillars of modern science and technology and supports to national economic development. Different forces should be concentrated to accelerate construction of designing， manufacturing and testing centres of micron and sub-micron silicon¹¹² integrated circuits and to research on technology for production of super-large scale integrated circuits. Concurrently¹¹³ techniques for manufacture of arsenide gallium integrated circuits and optical electronic integration should also be developed. Major efforts should be devoted¹¹⁴ to development and commodity production of super high function parallel computer and software systems. Research should be conducted for development of computer of the newest generation and techniques in processing of information in Chinese language， man-made interaction and artificial intelligence. Research should be conducted for development of techniques in flexible manufacturing system， robot and integrated computer manufacture system.

　　—— Development of biological technology has opened up a new approach to development of industrial and agricultural production， and will become a powerful method for solution of important problems of the present world concerning food， health， resources and environment， etc…… Major efforts should be devoted to research and breeding of new plant and animal varieties， research and production of new biological products， medicines and new fungus¹¹⁵ varieties， development of microbial transform and comprehensive utilization of reproductive resources.

　　—— New materials technology may bring forth³⁶ breakthrough and basic change in some technical fields. Research should be conducted for development and expanded use of new materials such as compound materials， structural¹¹⁶ and functional¹¹⁷ ceramics¹¹⁸， amorphous¹¹⁹ materials， super-conductive materials and optical-electronic materials， etc……

　　—— Aeronautical¹²⁰ and astro nautical¹²¹ technologies have far-reaching significance to growth of comprehensive state strength and rise of scientific and technological level. Continuous efforts should be strengthened to research and develop astronautical mechanics， propelling techniques， techniques in monitor and control and aeronautical techniques in manned space flight， maintaining our international status in this field.

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