中华人民共和国劳动法
LABOUR LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

　　（Adopted at the Eighth Meeting of the Standing¹ Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress on July 5， 1994， promulgated² by Order No. 28 of the President of the People's Republic of China on July 5， 1994， and effective as of January 1， 1995）

　　颁布日期：19940705 　实施日期：19950101 　颁布单位：全国人大常委会

　　Contents

　　Chapter I General Provisions

　　Chapter II Promotion³ of Employment

　　Chapter III Labor⁴ Contracts and Collective Contracts

　　Chapter IV Working Hours， Rest and Vacations

　　Chapter V Wages

　　Chapter VI Occupational Safety and Health

　　Chapter VII Special Protection for Female and Juvenile⁵ Workers

　　Chapter VIII Vocational Training

　　Chapter IX Social Insurance and Welfare

　　Chapter X Labor Disputes

　　Chapter XI Supervision⁶ and Inspection⁷

　　Chapter XII Legal Responsibility

　　Chapter XIII Supplementary⁸ Provisions

　　Chapter I General Provisions

　　Article 1 This Law is formulated⁹ in accordance with the Constitution in order to protect the legitimate¹⁰ rights and interests of laborers¹²， read just labor relationship， establish and safeguard a labor system suited to the socialist¹³ market economy， and promote economic development and social progress.

　　Article 2 This Law applies to all enterprises and individual economic organizations （hereinafter referred to as employing units） within the boundary of the People's Republic of China and laborers who form a labor relationship therewith.

　　State organs， institutional organizations and societies as well as laborers who form a labor contract relationship therewith shall follow this Law.

　　Article 3 Laborers shall have the right to be employed on an equal basis， choose occupations， obtain remuneration for their labor， take rest， have holidays and leaves， obtain protection of occupational safety and health， receive training in vocational skills， enjoy social insurance and welfare， and submit applications for settlement of labor disputes， and other rights relating to labor as stipulated¹⁴ by law.

　　Laborers shall fulfill¹⁵ their labor tasks， improve their vocational skills， follow rules on occupational safety and health， and observe labor discipline and professional ethics¹⁶.

　　Article 4 The employing units shall establish and perfect rules and regulations in accordance with the law so as to ensure that laborers enjoy the right to work and fulfill labor obligations.

　　Article 5 The State shall take various measures to promote employment， develop vocational education， lay down labor standards， regulate social incomes， perfect social insurance system， coordinate¹⁷ labor relationship， and gradually raise the living standard of laborers.

　　Article 6 The State shall advocate the participation¹⁸ of laborers in social voluntary labor and the development of their labor competitions and activities of forwarding rational proposals， encourage and protect the scientific research and technical renovation¹⁹ engaged by laborers， as well as their inventions and creations； and commend and award labor models and advanced workers.

　　Article 7 Laborers shall have the right to participate in and organize trade unions in accordance with the law.

　　Trade unions shall represent and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of laborers， and independently conduct their activities in accordance with the law.

　　Article 8 Laborers shall， through the assembly of staff and workers or their congress， or other forms in accordance with the provisions of laws， rules and regulations， take part in democratic management or consult with the employing units on an equal footing about protection of the legitimate rights and interests of laborers.

　　Article 9 The labor administrative²⁰ department of the State Council shall be in charge of the management of labor of the whole country.

　　The labor administrative departments of the local people's governments at or above the county level shall be in charge of the management of labor in the administrative areas under their respective jurisdiction²¹.

　　Chapter II Promotion of Employment

　　Article 10 The State shall create conditions for employment and increase opportunities for employment by means of the promotion of economic and social development.

　　The State shall encourage enterprises， institutional organizations， and societies to initiate²² industries or expand businesses for the increase of employment within the scope of the stipulations of laws， and administrative rules and regulations.

　　The State shall support laborers to get jobs by organizing themselves on a voluntary basis or by engaging in individual businesses.

　　Article 11 Local people's governments at various levels shall take measures to develop various kinds of job-introduction agencies and provide employment services.

　　Article 12 Laborers shall not be discriminated²³ against in employment， regardless of their ethnic²⁴ community， race， sex， or religious belief.

　　Article 13 Females shall enjoy equal rights as males in employment. It shall not be allowed， in the recruitment of staff and workers， to use sex as a pretext²⁵ for excluding females from employment or to raise recruitment standards for the females， except for the types of work or posts that are not suitable for females as stipulated by the State.

　　Article 14 Where there are special stipulations in laws， rules and regulations on the employment of the disabled， the personnel of national minorities， and demobilized army men， such special stipulations shall apply.

　　Article 15 No employing units shall be allowed to recruit juveniles²⁶ under the age of 16.

　　Units of literature and art， physical culture and sport， and special arts and crafts that need to recruit juveniles under the age of 16 must go through the formalities of examination and approval according to the relevant provisions of the State and guarantee their right to compulsory²⁷ education.

　　Chapter III Labor Contracts and Collective Contracts

　　Article 16 A labor contract is the agreement reached between a laborer¹¹ and an employing unit for the establishment of the labor relationship and the definition of the rights， interests and obligations of each party.

　　A labor contract shall be concluded where a labor relationship is to be established.

　　Article 17 Conclusion and modification²⁸ of a labor contract shall follow the principles of equality， voluntariness and unanimity²⁹ through consultation³⁰， and shall not run counter to the stipulations of laws， administrative rules and regulations.

　　A labor contract once concluded in accordance with the law shall possess legal binding³¹ force. The parties involved must fulfill the obligations as stipulated in the labor contract.

　　Article 18 The following labor contracts shall be invalid³²：

　　（1） labor contracts concluded in violation³⁴ of laws， administrative rules and regulations； and

　　（2） labor contracts concluded by resorting to such measures as cheating and intimidation³⁵.

　　An invalid labor contract shall have no legal binding force from the very beginning of its conclusion. Where a part of a labor contract is confirmed as invalid and where the validity of the remaining part is not affected³⁶， the remaining part shall remain valid³³.

　　The invalidity of a labor contract shall be confirmed by a labor dispute arbitration³⁷ committee or a people's court.

　　Article 19 A labor contract shall be concluded in written form and contain the following clauses：

　　（1） term of a labor contract；

　　（2） contents of work；

　　（3） labor protection and working conditions；

　　（4） labor remuneration；

　　（5） labor disciplines；

　　（6） conditions for the termination of a labor contract； and

　　（7） responsibility for the violation of a labor contract.

　　Apart from the required clauses specified³⁸ in the preceding paragraph， other contents in a labor contract may be agreed upon through consultation by the parties involved.

　　Article 20 The term of a labor contract shall be divided into fixed³⁹ term， flexible term or taking the completion of a specific amount of work as a term.

　　In case a laborer has kept working in a same employing unit for ten years or more and the parties involved agree to extend the term of the labor contract， a labor contract with a flexible term shall be concluded between them if the laborer so requested.

　　Article 21 A probation⁴⁰ period may be agreed upon in a labor contract. The longest probation period shall not exceed six months.

　　Article 22 The parties involved in a labor contract may reach an agreement in their labor contract on matters concerning keeping the commercial secrets of the employing unit.

　　Article 23 A labor contract shall terminate upon the expiration⁴¹ of its term or the emergence⁴² of the conditions for the termination of the labor contract as agreed upon by the parties involved.

　　Article 24 A labor contract may be revoked⁴⁴ upon agreement reached between the parties involved through consultation.

　　Article 25 The employing unit may revoke⁴³ the labor contract with a laborer in any of the following circumstances：

　　（1） to be proved not up to the requirements for recruitment during the probation period；

　　（2） to seriously violate labor disciplines or the rules and regulations of the employing unit；

　　（3） to cause great losses to the employing unit due to serious dereliction of duty or engagement in malpractice for selfish ends； and

　　（4） to be investigated for criminal responsibilities in accordance with the law.

　　Article 26 In any of the following circumstances， the employing unit may revoke a labor contract but a written notification shall be given to the laborer 30 days in advance：

　　（1） where a laborer is unable to take up his original work or any new work arranged by the employing unit after the completion of his medical treatment for illness or injury not suffered from at work；

　　（2） where a laborer is unqualified for his work and remains⁴⁵ unqualified even after receiving a training or an adjustment to an other work post； and

　　（3） no agreement on modification of the labor contract can be reached through consultation by the parties involved when the objective conditions taken as the basis for the conclusion of the contract have greatly changed so that the original labor contract can no longer be carried out.

　　Article 27 During the period of statutory consolidation⁴⁶ when the employing unit comes to the brink⁴⁷ of bankruptcy⁴⁸ or runs deep into difficulties in production and management， and if reduction of its personnel becomes really necessary， the unit may make such reduction after it has explained the situation to the trade union or all of its staff and workers 30 days in advance， solicited⁴⁹ opinions from them and reported to the labor administrative department.

　　Where the employing unit is to recruit personnel six months after the personnel reduction effected according to the stipulations of this Article， the reduced personnel shall have the priority to be re-employed.

　　Article 28 The employing unit shall make economic compensations in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State if it revokes⁵⁰ its labor contracts according to the stipulations in Article 24， Article 26 and Article 27 of this Law.

　　Article 29 The employing unit shall not revoke its labor contract with a laborer in accordance with the stipulations in Article 26 and Article 27 of this Law in any of the following circumstances：

　　（1） to be confirmed to have totally or partially⁵¹ lost the ability to work due to occupational diseases or injuries suffered from at work；

　　（2） to be receiving medical treatment for diseases or injuries within the prescribed period of time；

　　（3） to be a female staff member or worker during pregnant， puerperal， or breast-feeding period； or

　　（4） other circumstances stipulated by laws， administrative rules and regulations.

　　Article 30 The trade union of an employing unit shall have the right to air its opinions if it regards as inappropriate the revocation⁵² of a labor contract by the unit. If the employing unit violates laws， rules and regulations or labor contracts， the trade union shall have the right to request for reconsideration. Where the laborer applies for arbitration or brings in a lawsuit⁵³， the trade union shall render him support and assistance in accordance with the law.

　　Article 31 A laborer who intends to revoke his labor contract shall give a written notice to the employing unit 30 days in advance.

　　Article 32 A laborer may notify at any time the employing unit of his decision to revoke the labor contract in any of the following circumstances：

　　（1） within the probation period；

　　（2） where the employing unit forces the laborer to work by resorting to violence， intimidation or illegal restriction⁵⁴ of personal freedom； or

　　（3） failure on the part of the employing unit to pay labor remuneration or to provide working conditions as agreed upon in the labor contract.

　　Article 33 The staff and workers of an enterprise as one party may conclude a collective contract with the enter prison matters relating to labor remuneration， working hours， rest and vacations， occupational safety and health， and insurance and welfare. The draft collective contract shall be submitted to the congress of the staff and workers or to all the staff and workers for discussion and adoption⁵⁵.

　　A collective contract shall be concluded by the trade union on behalf of the staff and workers with the enterprise； in an enterprise where the trade union has not yet been set up， such contract shall be also concluded by the representative selected by the staff and workers with the enterprise.

　　Article 34 A collective contract shall be submitted to the labor administrative department after its conclusion. The collective contract shall go into effect automatically if no objections are raised by the labor administrative department within 15 days from the date of the receipt of a copy of the contract.

　　Article 35 Collective contracts concluded in accordance with the law shall have binding force to both the enterprise and all of its staff and workers. The standards on working conditions and labor payments agreed upon in labor contracts concluded between individual laborers and the enterprise shall not be lower than those as stipulated in collective contracts.

　　Chapter IV Working Hours， Rest and Vacations

　　Article 36 The State shall practise a working hour system under which laborers shall work for no more than eighth ours a day and no more than 44 hours a week on the average.

　　Article 37 In case of laborers working on the basis of piecework， the employing unit shall rationally fix quotas⁵⁶ of work and standards on piecework remuneration in accordance with the working hour system stipulated in Article 36 of this Law.

　　Article 38 The employing unit shall guarantee that its staff and workers have at least one day off in a week.

　　Article 39 Where an enterprise can not follow the stipulations in Article 36 and Article 38 of this Law due to its special production nature， it may adopt other rules on working hours and rest with the approval of the labor administrative department.

　　Article 40 The employing unit shall arrange holidays for laborers in accordance with the law during the following festivals：

　　（1） the New Year's Day；

　　（2） the Spring Festival；

　　（3） the International Labor Day；

　　（4） the National Day； and

　　（5） other holidays stipulated by laws， rules and regulations.

　　Article 41 The employing unit may extend working hours due to the requirements of its production or business after consultation with the trade union and laborers， but the extended working hour for a day shall generally not exceed one hour； if such extension is called for due to special reasons， the extended hours shall not exceed three hours a day under the condition that the health of laborers is guaranteed. However， the total extension in a month shall not exceed thirty six hours.

　　Article 42 The extension of working hours shall not be subject to restriction of the provisions of Article 41 of this Law under any of the following circumstances：

　　（1） where emergent dealing⁵⁷ is needed in the event of natural disaster， accident or other reason that threatens the life， health and the safety of property of laborers；

　　（2） where prompt rush repair is needed in the event of breakdown⁵⁸ of production equipment， transportation lines or public facilities that affects production and public interests； and

　　（3） other circumstances as stipulated by laws， administrative rules and regulations.

　　Article 43 The employing unit shall not extend working hours of laborers in violation of the provisions of this Law.

　　Article 44 The employing unit shall， according to the following standards， pay laborers remunerations higher than those for normal working hours under any of the following circumstances：

　　（1） to pay no less than 150 per cent of the normal wages if the extension of working hours is arranged；

　　（2） to pay no less than 200 per cent of the normal wages if the extended hours are arranged on days of rest and no deferred⁵⁹ rest can be taken； and

　　（3） to pay no less than 300 per cent of the normal wages if the extended hours are arranged on statutory holidays.

　　Article 45 The State shall practise a system of annual vacation with pay.

　　Laborers who have kept working for one year and more shall be entitled to annual vacation with pay. The concrete measures shall be formulated by the State Council.

　　Chapter V Wages

　　Article 46 The distribution of wages shall follow the principle of distribution according to work and equal pay for equal work.

　　The level of wages shall be gradually raised on the basis of economic development. The State shall exercise macro-regulations and control over the total payroll⁶⁰.

　　Article 47 The employing unit shall independently determine its form of wage distribution and wage level for its own unit according to law and based on the characteristics of its production and business and economic results.

　　Article 48 The State shall implement⁶¹ a system of guaranteed minimum wages. Specific standards on minimum wages shall be determined⁶² by the people's governments of provinces， autonomous⁶³ regions or municipalities directly under the Central Government and reported to the State Council for the record.

　　Wages paid to laborers by the employing unit shall not be lower than the local standards on minimum wages.

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