All the gossip（闲话，流言） , insults and dirty looks add up fast on popular reality shows（真人秀） , far outpacing（赶上，超过） the level seen in equally popular dramas, comedies and soap operas according to a new Brigham Young University study. The researchers looked at five reality shows and five non-reality shows and found 52 acts of aggression¹ per hour on reality TV compared to 33 per hour for the non-reality programs.

"The Apprentice²（飞黄腾达） " topped the list at 85 acts of verbal or relational aggression per hour.

Simon Cowell and "American Idol³（美国偶像） " checked in a little lower at 57 aggressive acts per hour – but then again, backbiting⁴（诽谤，中伤） is tough to do while singing.

"I knew the level of aggression was going to be high, but I had no idea it was going to be this high," said Sarah Coyne, a BYU professor of family life and lead author of the study. Coyne's findings will appear in the June issue of The Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media.

The researchers analyzed⁵ 120 hours of programming and coded every instance of physical, verbal and relational aggression. The 10 shows selected for the study are popular with audiences in Britain, although several shows are American productions.

And despite the "reality" label, half of the aggression appeared to be incited⁶ by producers. One common tactic⁷（策略） is to put participants in a booth and bait（引诱） them into saying something nasty about their competitors.

What's the big deal?

Numerous other studies, including one by Coyne, demonstrate that meanness rubs off on（感染，粘上） viewers. And that was using very contrived⁸（人为的，不自然的） and clearly fictional⁹ scenes.

"Of any type of program out there, I would think that reality programs are the most likely to be imitated," Coyne said. "All audiences think it won't affect them, but we aren't as immune as we think we are."