Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have uncovered a key step in the creation of new red blood cells in an animal study. They found that a tiny fragment of ribonucleic acid (RNA核糖核酸), a chemical cousin of DNA¹, prompts stem cells to mature into red blood cells. The researchers also created an artificial RNA inhibitor（抑制剂） to block this process.

Such interventions³, if fruitful in humans, might be useful against some cancers and other diseases, such as polycythemia vera（红细胞增多） , in which the body produces a life-threatening excess of blood cells. Conversely, a drug that boosts red blood cell production might be useful against anemia⁴（贫血） , blood loss or altitude sickness（高空病） .

"The important finding is that this microRNA, miR-451, is a powerful natural regulator of red blood cell production," said Dr. Eric Olson, chairman of molecular⁵ biology at UT Southwestern and senior author of the study, which appears in the Aug. 1 issue of Genes⁶ & Development.

"We also showed that a man-made miR-451 inhibitor can reduce miR-451 levels in a mouse and block blood-cell production. We hope that this inhibitor and similarly functioning molecules⁷ might lead to new drugs against the fatal disease polycythemia vera, which currently has no therapies," said Dr. Olson, who directs the Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Basic Research in Cancer and the Nearburg Family Center for Basic and Clinical Research in Pediatric（小儿科的） Oncology（肿瘤学） .

Red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, are created in bone marrow⁸（骨髓） from stem cells. The body steps up its production of red blood cells in response to stresses such as anemia, blood loss or low oxygen, but overproduction of the cells increases the risk of stroke and blood clots⁹.

RNA molecules, found throughout cells, perform several jobs. MicroRNAs often bind¹⁰ to and disable other types of RNA, preventing them from carrying out their functions.

Dr. Olson and his colleagues study many different types of microRNAs to determine their functions and to find therapeutic¹¹ uses of artificial microRNAs.

"miR-451 is found in great abundance in mature red blood cells, but its function was not known," said lead author David Patrick, a graduate student in molecular biology.

In the new study, the scientists created genetically¹² engineered mice that could not make miR-451. The mice had a lowered red blood cell count and also had difficulty creating more red blood cells under conditions that usually stimulate¹³ production.

miR-451 works by interacting with another RNA involved in producing a protein called 14-3-3-zeta, which plays a role in the maturation of many types of cells, the researchers found.

The team also treated blood stem cells with an artificial RNA designed to inhibit² miR-451. As a result, the number of red blood cells decreased.

Dr. Olson and his colleagues are pursuing a patent（专利） on miR-451 inhibitors and studying whether a microRNA-based drug might be useful in treating several blood-related disorders¹⁴.