初中英语词汇语法 第二十一讲冠词
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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
 冠词:属于虚词,在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用,帮助说明名次的含义。冠词可以分为不定冠词(the Indefinite1 Article)和定冠词(the Definite Article)两种。“a(an)”是不定冠词,“the”是定冠词。这类词的数量很小,但是其活动性却很大,很大。在英文中,a / an并不等于one 。
例:He only has one dictionary.他只有一本词典。( 正确 )
He only has a dictionary.他只有一本词典。( 错误 )
One minute is enough for me to do it . 我做这件事一分钟足够了。(正确 )
A minute is enough for me to do it . 我做这件事一分钟足够了( 错误 )

不定冠词基本用法:

1) 表示人或事物的某一类
A steel worker makes steel. A plane is a machine that can fly.

2) 表示某一类人或事物中的任何一个。
This is an apple. His father is a teacher.

 

3) 表示“一个”的意思
He will be back in a day or two.
He tried to send a picture of a face.

4)有时也表示“每”的意思
We have three meals a day. 我们一日三岁.
He walks ten miles an hour. 他一小时走10英里。
We have six classes a day. 我们一天上六节课。
He drives the car at thirty miles an hour.

  如果把不定冠词后的名词变为复数,只把不定冠词去掉还不行,还得补上一个数词或不定代词(some, any)

The plan will be ready in a few days.

  这是因为“一个”或“某个”变为复数时,就成为“几个”或“某几个”的缘故。

5)用于泛指人或者事
She wanted to rent an apartment near the campus2. 她想在学校附近租一套房子。
Before she left for London, Sally sent me a picture of herself. 萨莉动身去伦敦前送给我一张她的照片。
A grammar book is necessary to a language learner. 对语言学习者来说,语法书是很必要的。
A teacher likes putting a watch on his / her desk while lecturing .老师讲课时总爱将手表放在讲台上。

6) 用于某些词组中。这种用法是约定束成的,我们只有遵从而无旁的选择。例如:
have a rest(休息) have a look(瞧瞧) have a good time(过得开心)
take a shower(淋浴) take a break(休息) take a bath(洗澡)
get a cold(患感冒) get a fever(发烧) develop into a habit (养成习惯)
make a living(谋生) make a guess at(猜测) make a difference between(区分)
in a moment(过一会儿) in a sense(在某种意义上) in a way(在某种程度上)
once in a while(间或) have an advantage over(优于)
have an edge(略胜过)as a result(因此)as a rule(通常)as a whole(总体上说)

7)为了读音的方便,在以元音音素开头的可数
  名词的单数名词前用an而不用a。当我们使用an时,条件有三:①这个名词的读音必须是以元音音素开头--即它的 音标的第一个音素是元音,而不是说它是以元音字母开头。②它必须是个可数名词。③它还必须是个单数名词。我们常常见到这类用法:
a university 一所大学 an hour 一个小时
an orange 一只桔子 an engineer 一位工程师
an ordinary man一个普通人
an honest person一位诚实的人

定冠词基本用法:

  定冠词the具有确定的意思,用以特指人或事物,表示名词所指的人或事物是同类中的特定的一个,以别于同类中其他的人或事物,相当于汉语中的“那个”或“这个”的意思。它可以和单、复数名词,也可以和不可数的名词连用。用在以辅音音素开头的词前读[ðə ],用在以元音音素开头的词前读[ði ] ,在特别强调时读[ði:]。

 

1)特指某人、某事
Wellington is the capital of New Zealand. 惠灵顿是新西兰的首都。
This is the classroom where we often attend lectures. 这是我们常上课的教室。
Where are the other students? 其他学生在哪儿?
This is the head of our delegation3.这是我们代表团团长。

 

2)指世上独一无二的事物
We have friends all over the world .我们的朋友遍天下。
The moon goes around the earth .月亮绕着地球转。
The sun is rising in the east .太阳在东方冉冉升起。
They have launched4 several satellites into the outer space .他们已向外层空间发射了几颗人造卫星。

3)重提前文中提到过的人或事物(即文中第二次出现的人或事物)
He, suddenly, saw an isolated5 house at the foot of the mountain. And curiosity6 made him approaching the house. 他突然看到山脚下有一栋孤独的房子;好奇心驱使他向那栋房子走了过去。
Last weekend, I met a girl at the party given by my friend. And the girl happens to be one of my former schoolmates. 上周末,我在朋友举行的聚会上遇到了一位女孩;那位女孩碰巧是我的一个老同学。

4)说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物
Be sure to bring me the book when you come next time.
你下次来一定要将那本带给我。
-Where to go Jack7 ? -To the library.
杰克,你去哪里?-去图书馆。
-Do you know where the dictionary is ?
你知道那本词典在哪儿吗?
-It's on the desk by the computer.
在电脑旁边的书桌上。

5)用于序数词、形容词的最高级形式、和表示方位的名词前
Thanksgiving Day is on the 4th Thursday in November. 感恩节在每年十一月的第四个星期四。
Changjiang is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。
Japan lies to the east of China .日本位于中国的东面。
He is one the most famous football stars in the world. 他是世界最著名的足球明星之一。

6)间或用于单数的可数名词前表示泛指
The compass was invented in China.指南针是中国发明的。
The horse is a useful animal .马是有用的动物。
The tiger is in danger of extinct8 .老虎有绝种的危险。
The monkey is a clever animal. 猴是一种聪明的动物。
注:这种"泛指"是从整个属类的意义上说,而不是"用一个人或物来说明整个属类的 特点"。也就是说,属前者情况时加用定冠词表示泛指,属后者情况时则加不定冠词表示泛指。

7)用于某些由普通名构成的专有名词前
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United States of America 美利坚合众国
the Ming Dynasty 明朝 the Great Wall长城
the Great Cultural Revolution文化大革命

8)用于某些词组中。这种用法是约定束成的,我们只有遵从而无旁的选择。
in the morning ( afternoon , evening )上午(下午,晚上)
go to the cinema 看电影 on the whole总体上
to the best of就……所及 the sane9 as 和……一样
out of the question不可能的 on the one hand一方面
on the other hand 另一方面 on the average一般说来
on the contrary相反地 in the least 一点,丝毫
in the long run从长远来看 in the event of 万一
in the final analysis归根结底

9)定冠词+形容词使形容词名词化
We always stand for the oppressed10 and the exploited11. 我们永远支持受压迫、受剥削的人们。
The aged12 are well taken care of in the community. 在这个社区,老人得到了很好的照顾。
She was fond of writing about the unusual. 她喜欢写一些古怪的题材。
The school for the deaf and the blind is just newly13 built. 那所聋哑人学校是刚刚新建的。

10)定冠词在句子中,既可以用于可数名词前,也可以用于不可数名词前;既用在可数名词的单数形式前,也用在可数名词的复数形式前。从表达意义上讲,它既可表达this, that之意义,也可表达these, those之意义。例:
This is the very ink I'm going to buy. 这正是我要买的那种墨水。
The words on the blackboard are to be learned14 next time. 黑板上的这些单字是下次课要学的。

11)定冠词在句子中最大的语法功能是对名词加以限定,使其成为具有某种意义的特定名词。这种"特定意义"通过比较是不难看出的。例:
Here are the records you want. 这些是你要的唱片。
I bought some records yesterday. 昨天我买了几张唱片。
Have you decided15 on the prices yet? 价格你们确定了吗?

  了解了上述关于冠词的几个基本概念以后,我们就可以来进一步讨论冠词基本用法的具体情况了。

零冠词(即:不用任何冠词)的使用情况

1)复数可数名词前不用任何冠词,表示泛指。
Horses are useful animals .马是有用的动物。
Children are often curious about things around them. 孩子常对他们周围的事物很好奇。

2)不可数名词前不用任何冠词,表示泛指。
Water is colorless .水是无色的。
Iron is one of the most useful metals . 铁是最有用的金属之一。
The world is made of matter .世界是由物质构成的。
People can't live without air .没有空气,人就无法生存。

3)呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用任何冠词
Professor Li just came back from New Zealand . 李教授刚从新西兰回来。
Mr. Rieder likes tennis .里德先生喜欢打网球。
Doctor Smith sent me a birthday present yesterday .
史密斯博士昨天送给我一份生日礼物。

4)含有day的节日名词前不用任何冠词
New Year's Day 元旦 Women's Day 妇女节 Youth Day 青年节
May Day 五一劳动节 Children's Day 儿童节 Mother's Day母亲节
Father's Day父亲节 Teachers' Day教师节 National Day 国庆节

5)球类运动、棋类游戏或表示三餐饭的名词前不用任何冠词
He likes playing basketball and football. 他喜欢打篮球、踢足球。
We are invited to dinner in her family this evening.
我们今晚应邀去她的家吃饭。

6)专有名词前不用任何冠词
Zhengzheng was promoted to professor in 1997. 郑征于己于1997年晋升为教授。
Xiong Dunli is the director of the foreign languages department. 熊敦礼是外语系主任。

7)表示季节,月份或星期的名词前不用任何冠词
Milk is liable16 to go bad in summer.牛奶在夏季易变质.。
She was born on October 29th .她生于十月二十九日。
We have our lectures everyday except Thursday 除了星期四我们每天都有课。

8)前面已有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用任何冠词
My house is much bigger than his. 我家的房子比他的大多了。
This garden is newly built .这座花园是新建的。
Each member in our department has a computer. 我们系人手一部计算机。

9)某些习语或固定词组中的名词前不用任何冠词这种用法是约定束成的,我们只有遵从而无旁的选择。
go to school上学 at school在学校 after school 放学后 go to bed 睡觉
in bed在床上 day by day日复一日 by way of 途经 by chance 意外地
by nature天生地 by mistake 无意地板 for instance 例如 for example例如
from time to time不时地 in case 以防万一 in fact 事实上
in memory of为纪念 keep pace with 跟上…步伐

 



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 indefinite Y8WxC     
adj.不明确的,模糊的,不定的,无限的
参考例句:
  • The store will be closed for an indefinite period.这家商店将无限期关闭。
  • He gave me an indefinite answer.他给了我一个含糊其辞的答复。
2 campus iTOyj     
n.大学校园,学校校园;大学 
参考例句:
  • They spoke of the old days on the campus.他们谈起昔日的校园生活。
  • The campus covers an area of twenty square kilometres.这个校园占地二十平方公里。
3 delegation NxvxQ     
n.代表团;派遣
参考例句:
  • The statement of our delegation was singularly appropriate to the occasion.我们代表团的声明非常适合时宜。
  • We shall inform you of the date of the delegation's arrival.我们将把代表团到达的日期通知你。
4 launched e6629d9df33839e8c4e637ffbcd1d5e2     
v.发射( launch的过去式和过去分词 );[计算机]开始(应用程序);发动;开展(活动、计划等)
参考例句:
  • He launched a bitter diatribe against the younger generation. 他对年轻一代发起了猛烈的抨击。
  • The product was launched amid much fanfare worldwide. 这个产品在世界各地隆重推出。
5 isolated bqmzTd     
adj.与世隔绝的
参考例句:
  • His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
  • Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。
6 curiosity ByGxj     
n.好奇心,新奇的事物,珍品
参考例句:
  • He gave in to curiosity and opened my letter.他抑制不住好奇心,拆开了我的信。
  • The children are dying of curiosity to see what's in the parcel.孩子们出于好奇,迫不及待地想看看包裹中是什么东西。
7 jack 53Hxp     
n.插座,千斤顶,男人;v.抬起,提醒,扛举;n.(Jake)杰克
参考例句:
  • I am looking for the headphone jack.我正在找寻头戴式耳机插孔。
  • He lifted the car with a jack to change the flat tyre.他用千斤顶把车顶起来换下瘪轮胎。
8 extinct CPAzO     
adj.灭绝的,不再活跃的,熄灭了的,已废弃的
参考例句:
  • All hopes were extinct.所有希望都破灭了。
  • Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years.恐龙绝种已有几百万年了。
9 sane 9YZxB     
adj.心智健全的,神志清醒的,明智的,稳健的
参考例句:
  • He was sane at the time of the murder.在凶杀案发生时他的神志是清醒的。
  • He is a very sane person.他是一个很有头脑的人。
10 oppressed a3ac0a01c0edafe5d1aabc2be7e9e896     
adj. 被压迫的,郁闷的 动词oppress的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • It'seemed that the realisation of his life's dream oppressed him with overjoy. 夙愿得偿似乎使他欣喜若狂。
  • The bad eggs wielded power, while the good people were oppressed. 坏人当道,好人受气
11 exploited dabd349bea9410e98c1d465bee047f4e     
开采( exploit的过去式和过去分词 ); 利用(…为自己谋利); 运用; 剥削
参考例句:
  • He exploited his father's name to get himself a job. 他利用他父亲的名声为自己找到一份工作。
  • The company exploited its workers with long hours and low pay. 该公司用工时长工资低的方法来剥削工人。
12 aged 6zWzdI     
adj.年老的,陈年的
参考例句:
  • He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了,也老点了。
  • He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老,然而记忆力还好。
13 newly cG7xE     
adv.新近,最近;重新,再度;以新的方式
参考例句:
  • Have you reviewed for this newly published novel?你给这本新出版的小说写书评了吗?
  • It is a newly planted tree and it has not established yet.这是一颗新栽的树,还没有扎下根来。
14 learned m1oxn     
adj.有学问的,博学的;learn的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • He went into a rage when he learned about it.他听到这事后勃然大怒。
  • In this little village,he passed for a learned man.在这个小村子里,他被视为有学问的人。
15 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
16 liable Ck6yN     
adj.有...倾向的,有法律责任的
参考例句:
  • We are all liable to make mistakes when we're tired.我们疲劳的时候都容易出错。
  • He is liable for the fault of his son.他应该为他儿子的过失负责。
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