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虚拟语气是通过特殊的谓语动词形式来表达的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议等语气,它不表示客观存在。 1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中 (1)表示与现在事实相反的假设,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式(be动词的过去式用were)”,而主句中的谓语动词用“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形”。如: If I were a boy, I would join the army. (2)表示与过去的事实相反,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时,主句中的谓语动词则用“would / should / might / could + have +过去分词”。如: If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition. (3)表示与将来事实相反,条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形,而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should/could might + 动词原形。如: If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off. (4)当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如: If they had worked hard, they would be very tired.(从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在) 以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时,主句和从句谓语动词的形式:
有时侯在使用时可省略if,句子则可换成下列形式,即“were / had / should +主语”。如: Were I a boy, I would join the army. 2、虚拟语气用于名词性从句 (1)虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。 ①“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望,译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时;表示将来不能实现的愿望,从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”;表示过去不能实现的愿望,从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。如: I wish it were spring all the year round. ②在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形。如: She suggested we (should)leave here at once. (2)虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。 His suggestion that we (should)go to Shanghai is wonderful. (3)虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。 It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day. 注意:这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感,就可用虚拟语气。反之,如果不表示惊奇等情感,that从句也可用陈述句语气。如: It is pity that you can't swim. 3、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用 (1)虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中,如果从句表示的动作发生在过去,用过去完成时;指现在状况,则用一般过去时;指将来状况则用过去将来时。如: He did it as if he were an expert. (2)虚拟语气用于定语从句中。 It's time that I picked up my daughter. (3)虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如: If only I were a bird. (4)虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。 ①情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉,常出现在日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. ②用于一些习惯表达法中。如: Would you like a cup of tea? 4、精典名题导解 解析:答案为C。本题考查的是as if 引导的让步状语从句中的语气问题,as if引导的状语从句如果与事实一致,不用虚拟语气,如果与事实相反,应用虚拟语气。题中“当铅笔的一部分浸在水中,铅笔看上去好像断了”。而实际上铅笔并未断,与事实相反,前半部分陈述是一般现在时,因而本句是对一般现在时的虚拟,用were broken。 2. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she ___________, she would have met my brother.(NMET 94) 解析:答案为D。本题考查的是if条件句中的虚拟语气。题意是:我在会议上没看到你姐姐,故你姐姐没来。因此如果“她来了”与事实相反,前面一句交代了虚拟语气的时态是一般过去时的虚拟,所以if从句中用had+过去分词。 3. —If he ___________, he ________that food. 解析:答案为B。本题考查的是条件状语从句与主句表示与事实相反时虚拟语气的用法。根据下一句语境可知,他事先并没有得到警告,表示过去时间的虚拟语气,故选B。 4. If there were no subjunctive, English ______ much easier. (NMET) 解析:观察题干,可知全句表达的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。故答案为D。 5. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ______ the rules. (NMET) 解析:根据insist后的宾语从句谓语要用(should) do形式规律,可定正确答案是B。 6. I wish I _____ you yesterday. 解析:此题表与过去事实相反的原望,答案应为C。 7. —— If he _____ , he _____ that food. 解析:从对话看,是表达与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,故答案为B。 8. Without electricity human life _____ quite different today. (NMET) 解析:without引出一个含蓄条件句,主句表述的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,故答案为D。 9. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it look as if it _____. (NMET) 解析:放入水中的铅笔看上去是断的,但实际上并非如此,因此是与现在的事实相反,这时as if从句谓语要用一般过去时,故答案为C。 10. I didn he _____ , he would have said hello to me. 解析:观察题目上下文,特别是第二句的主句谓语为 would have said,可知if从句表述的是与过去事实相反的愿望,因此答案为B。 11. _____ it _____ for your help, I couldn have made any progress. 解析:根据主句谓语形式,可知从句要用had done形式,故应选A,Had it not been for your help=If it had not been for your help.(要不是你帮忙的话) 12. Mr Smith was badly ill, or he _____ our dinner party. 解析:or可引导含蓄条件句,表达虚拟语气。根据此题内容,可知是与过去事实相反的假设,故答案为B。
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