中考英语语法考点01名词概要
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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法,但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类:专有名词与普通名词。

  顾名思义,专有名词是指:个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称,如,the Great Wall,America…它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词,如pen, worker…它表示单一的个体人或事物。

  集体名词,如:family, class, team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体;物质名词,如:water,paper…它表示的是一种物质,原材料;而后一种是抽象名词,如:work, time…它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到,但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。

种类:

专有名词  John, the Communist1 Party of
普通名词类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table
集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people
物质名词 water, steel2, glass, cotton, wood, sand
抽象名词 happiness3, love, work, life, courage4, honest

功用:

主语 My family is now in New York.
表语 His father is a scientist.
宾语 We love our great motherland5.
宾语补足语 He made London the base6 for his work.
定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs.
状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars.
同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.

  名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数,即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算,所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等,如:English, air, water, cotton, work…可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词,所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是:

  1. 一般情况加s,如:pen—pens, doctor—doctors, boy—boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读[s],在元音和浊辅音后读[z]。如:map—map ,boy—boys.

  2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es,如:bus—buses,class—classes, 其读音为[iz]。

  3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,其读音为[iz]。

  4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加es,读作[z],如:factory—factories, country—countries, family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy—boys, day—days。

  5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词,缩写词以o结尾的则只加s,如:tomato—tomatoes, hero—heroes; photo—photos, radio—radios, piano—pianos

  6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es,如:knife—knives, leaf—leaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。

  7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的,它没有规律可循,如:man—men, woman—women, child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, mouse—mice

  8. 单复同形的名词有:fish, sheep, deer…

  9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化,其主格可作主语,宾格可作宾语。还有所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's其复数形式是s',如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's,如:a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.

  在表示时间、距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用's,如:a twenty minutes' walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,如:the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers

 

随堂练习:

( ) 1 She was very happy. She          in the maths test.
A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes
C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake

( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please?
A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe

( ) 3 _____are____for cutting things.
A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using

( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has!
A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes

( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___.
A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave

( ) 6 -Can we have some ___?
-Yes, please.
A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear

( ) 7 On the table there are five____.
A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato

( ) 8 They got much ___ from those new books.
A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories

( ) 9 He gave us____ on how to keep fit.
A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice

( ) 10 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad.
A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news

 



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 communist CXeyk     
n.共产主义者,共产党员;adj.共产主义的,共产党员的
参考例句:
  • In the following year he joined the Communist Party.第二年他入了共产党。
  • The People's Daily is the organ of the Chinese Communist Party.《人民日报》是中国共产党的党报。
2 steel wubw3     
n.钢,钢制品,坚强;adj.钢的,如钢铁般的,非常坚强的;vt.包钢,使坚硬,使下定决心
参考例句:
  • Is that box made of tin or steel?这个盒子是锡做的还是铁做的?
  • Steel is made from iron.钢是由铁炼成的。
3 happiness Ke3xG     
n.幸福感;快乐;幸运
参考例句:
  • I wish you the life of happiness and prosperity.我祝你生活幸福、万事如意。
  • We all desire happiness and health.我们都想得到幸福和健康。
4 courage Fouz3     
n.勇气,胆识,气概
参考例句:
  • I wouldn't lose courage even if I should fail ten times.即使要失败十次,我也绝不灰心。
  • He has the courage to speak out what he thinks right.他敢于说出他认为正确的东西。
5 motherland SnQzjG     
n.祖国
参考例句:
  • We have the duty to defend our motherland.我们有责任保卫祖国。
  • We love our great motherland.我们热爱我们伟大的祖国。
6 base APWyT     
vt.以...为根据;n.基部;基地;基础;adj.基本的,基础的
参考例句:
  • We must base ourselves on the interests of the people.我们一定要从人民的利益出发。
  • He cut down the tree close at the base.他在近根处将树砍倒。
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